Motivation Crowding Theory

The Motivation Crowding Effect suggests that external intervention via monetary incentives or punishments may undermine, and under different identifiable conditions strengthen, intrinsic motivation. As of today, the theoretical possibility of motivation crowding has been the main subject of discussion among economists. This study demonstrates that the effect is also of empirical relevance . There exist a large number of studies, offering empirical evidence in support of the existence of crowding–out and crowding–in. The study is based on circumstantial evidence, laboratory studies by both psychologists and economists, as well as field research by econometric studies. The pieces of evidence presented refer to a wide variety of areas of the economy and society and have been collected for many different countries and periods of time. Crowding effects thus are an empirically relevant phenomenon, which can, in specific cases, even dominate the traditional relative price effect.     

Socioeconomic Conditions and Property Crime:

A comprehensive review of the crime literature indicates varying and often opposing hypotheses of relationships between property crime and socioeconomic conditions such as poverty, business cycle conditions, demographics, criminal justice system actions, and family structure. Employing measures of each of the hypothesized factors, time-series models for robbery, burglary, and vehicle theft are estimated from yearly and national Uniform Crime Report (UCR) data for the period 1959 through 1992 and are used to test these hypotheses' current empirical relevance. The empirical findings selectively confirm the importance of macroeconomic stability and criminal justice system actions in reducing property crime activity. In contrast, decreases in absolute poverty and general income inequality are associated with increased criminal activity; and age demographics and family/community structure apparently have little impact on any of the analyzed property-crime trends, A reduction in inflation apparently decreases property crimes.     

基于防灾、犯罪预防及心理安全角度的国内外安全城市设计研究综述

安全问题是城市可持续发展的基础和重要前提,"安全"逐渐引起人们的重视。通过物质空间环境的规划设计提高城市公共空间安全是城市安全规划的重要内容,而物质空间环境是城市设计研究的重要对象,因此将"安全"引入城市设计尤为重要,进而形成"安全城市设计"的理念,对"安全城市设计"的概念进行了解析。灾害和犯罪是影响城市安全的两个重要因素,首先从土地利用、公共服务设施、交通网络、公共空间四个角度综述了城市设计与防灾减灾规划的结合,然后从犯罪空间分布、犯罪空间分布与空间环境结合、通过环境设计预防犯罪三个角度综述了城市设计与犯罪预防的结合。同时从心理安全的角度对城市设计的研究进行了综述,归纳总结了国内外安全城市设计研究的     

Explaining unselfish behavior: Crime and the helpful bystander

An important force combatting crime consists of the help and cooperation that citizens provide to the victims of crime and to the criminal justice system. This paper analyzes such behavior in light of economic theories of altruism. Using survey data on responses to questions about hypothetical situations involving various crimes, the analysis provides support for explanations of helping based on purely altruistic behavior, cooperative behavior based on self-interest, and behavior guided by social norms. Specifically, income, wealth, age, and race are found to be important in explaining helping behavior.     

Unemployment and Property Crime: Not a Simple Relationship

A bstract . While previous studies on the unemployment-crime hypothesis have yielded equivocal results, here nonsignificant Pearson correlation coefficients were found for theft rates and the percentage of unemployed men and unemployed women for 20 nations. This raises additional cross-cultural questions about the validity both of strain theories that predict positive correlations, and competing theories that predict negative correlations. Implications for research on the unemployment-crime hypothesis are discussed.     

state Lotteries and Crime

A bstract . The impact of having a state lottery on the rate of crime against property in that state is estimated. Arguments in the standard economic model of criminal activity employed here include the unemployment rate, real income per capita, presence of the death penalty in the state as a proxy for general severity of punishment , police officers per capita, the percentage of population between the ages of 5 and 24, and the presence of a state lottery. Because the decision of a state to operate a lottery may correlate with crime rates, a selectivity model was run to extract any bias, but no such bias was found. The analysis used data for the 50 states plus the District of Columbia from 1970 through 1984. The results suggest that presence of a state lottery is associated with a crime rate higher by about 3 percent, an effect both statistically significant and practically important.     

基于拥挤效应和知识溢出下集群式供应链链间博弈分析

文章在集群式供应链的基础上引入了A-J模型,分析了两条供应链在同一区域的博弈关系.在集群式供应链的竞合过程中引入拥挤效应和知识溢出,采用逆序归纳法分析了合作博弈和非合作博弈条件下,距离对核心企业产量、创新水平和利润的影响,并总结供应链中企业决策条件和决策结果.     

Equivalence of the Core and Competitive Equilibrium in a Tiebout Economy with Crowding Types

We propose a new model of a local public goods economy with differentiated crowding. The new feature is that taste and crowding characteristics of agents are distinguished from one another. We prove that if the economy satisfies strict small group effectiveness then the core is equivalent to the set of Tiebout equilibrium outcomes. Equilibrium prices are defined to depend solely on crowding characteristics. This implies that only publicly observable information, and not private information such as preferences, is needed to induce agents to sort themselves into efficient jurisdictions. Thus, our model allows us to satisfy Bewley's[6]anonymity requirement on taxes in his well-known criticism of the Tiebout hypothesis.     

The Economics of Crime: Climbing the Decision Tree

How is it possible to study crime as an economic problem? George Brower, of the University of Connecticut, shows how the original argument of Professor Gary Becker has been tested and developed.     

The Minimum Wage Law and Teenage Crime: Evidence From the US

What is the effect of minimum wage regulation on youth crime? Masanori Hashimoto, of Ohio State University, argues that in the USA the evidence suggests that the minimum wage causes both unemployment and teenage crime.     

Crime and Racial Composition in Contiguous Communities as Negative Externalities: Prejudiced Household's Evaluation of Crime Rate and Segregation Nearby Reduces Housing Values and Tax Revenues

Abstract . How the level of amenities in surrounding communities affects the residential location decisions of households is considered. The amenities specifically taken into account are the crime and racial composition of the household's community and the contiguous communities. The theory of the household's valuation of neighborhood amenities through a housing value equation is expanded to include how the household's valuation of amenities is affected by the amenities in surrounding areas. An empirical model using data for 71 suburban communities in the Chicago Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area is specified to measure the simultaneous interaction between housing values, crime, and police effort. A revenue equation is included to determine how the household's valuation of crime and racial composition could affect the community's revenue-raising ability. The empirical results indicate that the crime and racial composition of surrounding communities as well as within the household's community have a statistically significant negative effect on housing values. While the magnitude of the effect is small, the empirical results suggest that households consider the crime rate and racial composition of surrounding communities as negative externalities.     

Transient Jobs and Lifetime Jobs: Dualism in the British Labour Market

How long does a job last in Britain? We find that many workers have very short jobs and many have very long jobs. We estimate that in 1990, 40 percent of men were in jobs that will last 20 years or more. On the other hand, 24 percent were in jobs lasting less than five years. We conclude that the labour market is still capable of offering ‘lifetime jobs’ to many workers. Policy analysis of issues such as reform of the welfare state, pensions, and training should take note that reports of the death of ‘jobs for life’ appear to be exaggerated.     

The Dialectics of White-Collar Crime

A bstract TWO perspectives prevail in analyses of the savings and loan industry's crisis of the 1980s and early 1990s: on one hand are claims of individual fraud and greed; on the other are arguments focusing on organizational factors, particularly the deregulated environment in which lax or nonexistant oversight encouraged collective embezzelment. Both approaches rely on a narrow conceptualization of the concept of white-collar crime that focuses on identification of the static dimensions that differentiate white-collar crime from other crimes. We apply Schlegel and Weis-burd's (1993) notion of white-collar crime as more of an interactive process than a set of unique defining factors by combining a theoretical focus on the state's policy-making process with an analysis of organizational and occupational crime to analyze the role the state may play in creating the structural environment facilitating those behaviors. We analyze the case of Silverado Banking, Savings and Loan Association to examine the behavioral effects of implementing a state policy of deregulation. The case suggests that state policy may not only regulate and restrict behavior, but actually contain defeating incentives that create corporate behaviors contradicting the policy's intention. This points to the limitation of state theory in its focus on de jure policy creation as opposed to de facto policy implementation and its behavioral and structural consequences. Finally, we suggest that organizational crimes may result not only from circumventing or violating laws that must be enforced; they may also derive from contradictions contained in the policies of state projects themselves. As such, organizational crimes and deviant behavior may be better understood as unintended consequences of the dialectics of state projects.     

论信用卡犯罪

信用卡是银行发给信用良好的法人或者公民的一种良好信用凭证，持卡人可以凭信用卡购物、消费或取现。信用卡制度极大地促进了经济的发展，方便了人们的生活，改变了人们的消费理念。但是，信用卡在给人们带来方便的同时，利用信用卡犯罪的行为也日趋严重。有关资料统计，中国1994年共发生近万起信用卡诈骗案件，给银行造成数千万元的损失，目前我国每年银行卡犯罪金额在1亿元左右，严重影响了我国的经济发展，成为我国经济犯罪的重要形式之一。     

The Economics of Crime in Britain

Has there been an economic miracle during Mrs Thatcher's decade in office? Richard Layard and Stephen Nickell describe the government's achievements, but ultimately conclude that despite benefits there nave been major costs.     

对深化和拓展治安防控体系建设的探讨

随着社会经济体制变革、结构和利益的变动与调整,各类刑事犯罪行为智能化、科技化、专业化日益突出,而建立健全现代治安防控体系是预防和减少犯罪的良策。     

对深化和拓展治安防控体系建设的探讨

随着社会经济体制变革、结构和利益的变动与调整,各类刑事犯罪行为智能化、科技化、专业化日益突出,而建立健全现代治安防控体系是预防和减少犯罪的良策.     

Crime in One Long-Lived Comic Strip: An Evaluation of Chester Gould's Dick Tracy'

Abstract . A six-months run of the popular and long-lived newspaper cartoon, “Dick Tracy,” was analyzed in terms of the frequency with which certain characters were used, the location and setting in which they appeared and the criminal activity and law enforcement technique portrayed. Also studied were physical characteristics of criminals and police, and the use of violence. The results indicated the continued theme of the cartoonist, Chester Gould, was a “morality play,”i.e., the triumph of good over evil. All pictured criminals were either apprehended or killed as a result of police expertise, and police violence was both minimal and reactive. However, contrary to similar analyses of primetime television, the majority of offenses pictured were crimes against the American economic system, rather than violent crime, and offenders were disproportionately White, middle-aged males.