论《走马楼吴简·竹简》中“限米”的性质

<走马楼吴简·竹简>中的限米资料名目繁多,有屯田限米、私学限米、还民限米、叛士限米、佃卒限米、佃吏限米、邮卒限米等等.本文认为私学限米、还民限米、叛士限米、佃卒限米等与屯田限米性质不同,前者是依附于户人之下的各种身份的地租,而后者则是政府有组织的屯田地租.     

明清时代的封建土地所有制(续上期)

四、屯軍耕种的地租和田賦合一的屯田明清两代的屯田,有軍屯和民屯。民屯所占比重不大,主要是軍屯。如果从軍屯的生产組织和参加生产的劳动者来考察,可分为以現役軍人为生产单位的屯田,和以軍人家属戶为生产单位的屯田。如果从屯軍所承担的封建搖役来考察,又可分为駐防軍的軍事屯田和运粮軍的漕运屯田。屯田的耕种者是卫所軍兵。共編制:一卫为5600人;一卫有五个千戶所,每千戶所1120人;一个千戶所有十个百戶所,每百戶所112人。明代     

唐代后期的屯田

唐代和其他朝代一样,设置屯田的主要目的是为了供军。因此,决定屯田盛衰的一个重要因素是军需状况。与此相关,战争状况、财政状况、荒地状况等都影响着屯田的置废。     

西汉屯田的几个问题

一、屯田的创始年代 屯田始于西汉,古今史家无异词。但屯田始于西汉何时,各家就诸说纷纭。唐杜佑《通典》卷二《食货·屯田》认为屯田起于“汉昭帝始元二年(公元前85年)诏发习战射士诣朔方,调故吏将屯田张掖郡”;宋徐天麟《西汉会要》卷五九《兵·屯田》则以为屯田起于汉文帝采纳晁错建议“募民徙塞下”。宋王应麟《玉海》卷一七七《食货·屯田》则以为“汉文帝募民耕塞下已有屯田之说,武帝屯渠犁始有屯田之规,成于昭、宣,广于魏、晋,而极盛于唐”。     

略论曹魏的士家屯田

自五十年代至今报刊上发表过不少有关曹魏屯田的论文,其中多论军屯与民屯,对于士家屯田则所论甚少。主要原因是史料缺乏,我们现就管见所及,提些粗浅的看法。 (一)士家屯田的开创 清代学者何义门说:“魏制,凡镇守部曲将及外官长吏并纳质任。家口应从坐者,收系保官。”质任古已有之,曹魏予以发展形成了质任制。其直接的原因出于加强对军队将士的控制,一个明显的例子是,建安二年张绣降曹而又复叛事件。事后曹操对诸将说:“吾降张绣等,失不便取其质,以至于此。”意即如取绣妻子作为人质,则张绣不敢复反了。出于同样的原因,曹操为了防止士兵的逃亡,则     

明洪武年间凤阳地区的民屯

民屯是中国古代一种古老的屯田制度,早在汉魏时,即同军屯一起并存于世。其内容不外是封建国家有目的地组织民间劳动力,通过迁徙等等方式,到指定地区开垦耕种。明初的民屯,实施最早,规模又较大的首推朱元璋老家凤阳地区。因此,具体剖析凤阳民屯对于深入了解明初的民屯及其特点无疑具有重要意义。     

宋代屯田、营田问题新探

有关宋代屯田、营田问题,近年来学术界已有多篇文章作过专门的论述,在许多方面达成了共识。但仍有一些问题如屯田与营田之关系,屯田、营田在北来与南宋、内地与沿边间的差异,以及两家屯田、营田的成效等,似还值得作进一步研究的必要,本文拟就这些问题作如下探讨。一、宋代行屯田、营田的动机和B的我国古代的屯田、营田最初是为了解决沿边驻军的粮的供应而出现的,它一开始就带有军事上的意义。宋代也不例外,推行电田、营田的主要目的就在于希望能够解决边兵的部分根河供应．为了防范主要来自北方的各少数民族军队的骚乱和进犯,宋朝…     

十九世纪末至二十世纪初官田向民田的转化

一土地类别及耕地面积凡土地之别,有民田(民间恒产听其买卖者,为民田);有更名地(前明分给各藩之地,国朝编入所在州县,与民田一体给民为业,曰更名地);有屯田(卫所军田钱粮,有由卫所官经征者,有改归州县官经征者,皆曰屯田;其屯田有绩垦者,亦曰瞻军地;新疆科布多等处,有绿营兵及遣犯所种屯田,懋功厅有番民所种屯田);有灶地(长芦、山东、两淮、浙江、福建、广东灶丁之地,曰灶地);有旗地(盛京十四城旗人所种之地,及近京圈地征收旗租者,皆曰旗地;奉天、山西有先系旗地后给民垦种者,曰退圈地);有庄田(内务府征粮之地为庄田,近京州县及盛京各城有之);有恩赏地(国初于近京州县分给八旗马厂之地,后因坐落较远,弃置不用,     

唐代屯田、营田费用与效益的量化分析——以官营粮食生产为中心

以往对唐代屯田、营田的经济效益缺乏量化分析,本文根据有关资料加以估算,认为在一般情况下,唐代军士屯田营田的平均亩产量若达5斗以上,其生产成本会低于同等条件下的和籴费用。比之长途转运所费,财政、经济效益均较突出。募民屯田营田的亩产量若不超过6斗,会导致入不偿费,经济效益较差,但与长途馈粮或高价和籴的费用比较,其财政效益仍相当显著。由于唐代屯田营田是政府组织的经济活动,具有较强的政治、军事的功利性,故其对社会经济的促进作用有一定的地区性与时效性。     

清代乾嘉时期新疆“屯垦陷阱”的出现与启示——以乌鲁木齐为中心

清朝统一新疆后,面对新疆地广人稀、极度缺粮的局面,在乾隆、嘉庆年间进行了大规模、多种形式的屯垦,尤其是持续的移民屯垦活动。在屯垦活动中,新疆土地得到大规模开发,农业生产水平空前提高,以乌鲁木齐为代表的北疆新垦地,由于兵屯范围广、移民劳动力充裕,粮食连续多年获得大面积丰收,新疆"粮荒"问题得到解决。但是,新疆随之也出现了"屯垦陷阱"的现象,表现为:首先是兵屯的高耗费与低产出之间的矛盾越陷越深,国家投入越多损耗越大,不得不多次处理兵屯地;其次是粮食大面积丰收与"谷贱伤农"的矛盾不断深化,粮价严重低于关内地区,屯民收入远远低于预期;再次是从关内移民新疆的屯民群体情绪波动严重,许多移民稍有积余就返回原籍,影响了屯垦队伍的稳定。"屯垦陷阱"的出现是新疆屯垦历史上从未有过的,这与清朝乾嘉时期屯垦开发过程中缺少规划、盲目开发有关,更与新疆交通不便、物流困难、贸易受限有关。此后,清朝开始大力发展民屯经济,重视发展城市与商业的集散能力,健全城乡贸易体系。但是,新疆的"屯垦陷阱"现象所引起的矛盾并没有从根本上解决,有些问题一直遗留到今天。     

我国房地产税制的现状及改革构想

房地产税制是维护房地产市场公平竞争，实现国家对房地产业宏观调控的有力杠杆。然而，我国现行的房地产税制却存在税费不分、税制不统一、税制结构不合理等诸多问题。严重影响了其对房地产业应有的宏观调控作用。因此，适时地推进房地产税制的改革应是当务之急，应统一内外税制，合理界定税费的范围，建立统一、规范、合理的房地产税收体系。     

The Change in Productive Efficiency in Telecommunications in the United States

The question addressed here is whether the adoption of incentive regulation, which has become an important regulatory tool in the telecommunications industry in the USA, has resulted in a change in the technical efficiency of local exchange carriers in the USA. After providing an overview of the nature of incentive regulation, a methodology for measuring technical efficiency and its change is introduced. This is a multiple-output/multiple-input distance function approach to measuring technical efficiency. The results of implementing this approach for 19 local exchange carriers for the 1988-2001 period indicate that in the production of local service, intrastate toll/access service, and interstate access to local loops, there was no change in technical efficiency between the 1988-1990 period and the 1991- 2001 period, something that incentive regulation was specifically designed to promote.     

西部地区人力资本投资与知识化发展

人力资本投资在推动知识化发展的过程中存在自增强机制，通过促进人力资本保值增值，进行人力资源合理配置，改善配置环境和配置政策、完善配套措施，有助于充分发挥这一机制的功能，从而实现西部地区知识化发展。     

Age Discrimination in Employment in Canada

Issues pertaining to age discrimination in employment in Canada are analyzed with a view toward highlighting lessons that may be learned from the Canadian experience—an experience that is taking on increased policy importance. Reasons for the increased attention to age discrimination issues are outlined, followed by a portrayal of the age discrimination legislation and court interpretations in Canada, especially as they pertain to mandatory retirement. Enforcement aspects are discussed, as is the evidence on age discrimination in employment and the effectiveness of legislation with respect to age discrimination and mandatory retirement. The article concludes with a discussion of the lessons to be learned from the Canadian experience, especially with respect to the poorly understood but complicated relationship between age discrimination and mandatory retirement. Policy recommendations for strengthening age discrimination legislation are also outlined. (JEL J14 , J24 , J71 )     

Inequalities in Income Distribution in Slovenia

This article presents an empirical analysis of income distribution based on income tax data for Slovenia in 1991-2000. It presents evidence of rising inequalities in income distribution (gross income, gross wages and pensions). These results are supported by coefficients of variation, Gini coefficients and by the Lorenz curves. Inequalities increased rapidly in the 1991 to 1993 period. After a significant decrease in 1994 and a steady increase from 1995 to 2000, the peak value from 1993 was not surpassed. Atkinson's requirements for dominance comparisons are not violated. Inequalities are also present in the distribution of the benefits of economic growth among income groups.     

上海生态农业发展影响因素研究

文章分析了上海生态农业发展的影响因素,并利用计量模型进行检验,认为影响上海生态农业发展的主要因素有农业基础设施、农业劳动力资源、农业产业化水平、农业科技实力状况。     

Public participation in forestry in Turkey

Recently public participation in forestry has been seriously considered in Turkey. Participation is however quite a challenge for a country with a long tradition of top-down management and a strong bottom-up dependence on public provisioning. In such a setting, it may not be surprising that the experiences with public participation in forestry in Turkey are mixed. There are some positive initiatives like the creation of farmer's cooperatives and NGOs, but their role is quite limited and small of scale. This paper is bringing together different views based on existing studies in Turkish related to Turkey's experience with implementing public participation in forestry.     

Inter-enterprise arrears in economies in transition

In the context of economies in transition, the paper argues that an excessive liquidity squeeze could throw the economy into a persistent state of low economic activity. In such bad equilibrium, enterprise transactions become largely demonetized, with a chain of arrears, a form of involuntary credit, spreading over the entire system. The empirical analysis of the Romanian experience seems to support the view advanced in the paper.