由西方可转换公司债券融资动机理论引发的思考

可转换债券丰富的融资机理和多变的设计要素,对证券市场调控资金流动,优化资源配置有重要意义。可转换债券作为一种成本较低的融资工具,有利于企业的长期经营。设计合理的可转换债券可以优化企业的财务结构,达到企业融资的目的。因此,对可转换债券融资动机进行研究具有非常重要的意义。本文通过对西方可转换债券融资动机理论分析研究,以期能对我国上市公司发行可转换债券融资有所启发。     

可转换债券与企业资本结构的优化问题探讨

１９９８年８月 ,经中国证监会批准 ,南宁化工股份有限公司和吴江丝绸股份有限公司先后向社会公开发行可转换债券 ,引起了市场的广泛关注。为促使我国可转换债券发行策略的更加合理化 ,有必要对可转换债券的发行与企业资本结构的优化问题进行探讨。一、可转换债券的发行对企业资本结构的影响企业的资本结构是指企业各种资本来源的构成及比例关系 ,其中最重要的是债务资本与权益资本的比例关系。资本结构之所以成为现代经济学分析的重要领域和资本经营的重要对象 ,其原因在于 :一是资本结构决定和影响企业资本的综合成本和市场价值 ;二是资本…     

可转换债券的发行策略

可转换债券是一种具有债券和股票期权双重性质的金融衍生工具,与一般的金融产品相比,其运作机理要复杂得多,技术性很强。可转换债券发行及转股的成功与否,不仅对发行公司自身发展有着举足轻重的作用,而且对整个证券市场的建设和发展影响很大,因而有必要对其发行策略进行深入细致的研究。本文拟就以下几个问题做简要论述。一、可转换债券发行现拐的确定一个企业可转换债券发行数量的大小取决于该企业融资综合成本的高低。作为债权与股权相互转换的调节杠杆,可转换债券的发行规模必须要考虑使企业总资本的综合成本最低,或者说,在既定…     

企业慈善捐赠、媒体关注与债务融资成本

本文以2009—2019年中小板以及创业板上市公司为样本,研究中小企业慈善捐赠对其债务融资成本的影响,并进一步考察了媒体关注的作用.研究发现,企业慈善捐赠有助于降低企业在债务融资过程中产生的成本,并且企业越受媒体关注,慈善捐赠对其债务融资成本的影响越小,这可能是由于媒体关注与慈善捐赠之间存在信号替代效应.进一步研究发现,慈善捐赠主要通过"信号传递效应"以及缓解融资约束这两条路径来降低债务融资成本.本文从债务融资角度出发,证实了中小企业慈善捐赠的"信号传递效应",这对于理解现实情境下我国中小企业慈善捐赠动机有重要参考价值.     

盈余管理与债务成本——来自中国A股上市公司的实证研究

本文以2003年至2009年我国A股上市公司为样本,分析了盈余管理与企业债务成本之间的关系。结果发现,企业盈余管理程度越高,债务成本越低。国有企业的盈余管理程度越高,债务成本越低,但民营企业的盈余管理对债务成本没有显著影响;盈余管理程度与债务成本之间的负向关系主要存在于制度环境相对较好的地区,在制度环境相对较差的地区并不存在类似结论。说明我国银行信贷管理制度和薪酬考核体系使银行缺乏识别债务人企业盈余管理的动机,相反甚至为其提供了主动寻求规则漏洞的动机。     

谈可转换债券能否提高企业融资效率

一、企业融资效率的一般性分析 经济学中的“效率”主要是指成本与收益的关系，以低成本获取高收益是经济行为高效率的表现。判断一个企业融资效率的高低一般有两个标准：一是融资所得资金成本的高低；二是融资所得资金收益的大小。企业筹措资金可以选择不同的筹资渠道和筹资方式，在筹资决策中。资金成本是一个重要的考虑因素。发行股票和债券是企业最常用的筹资方式，股票的资金成本主要表现为支付给股东的股利，债券的资金成本则主要表现为支付给债券持有人的利息。而可转换债券兼具股票和债券的双重特征，其资金成本的计算不同于单一的股票和债券。发行可转换债券能否提高企业的融资效率，取决于发行可转换债券能否降低企业的资金成本。     

上市公司发行可转换债券的影响因素探究

可转换债券是债券市场重要的融资品种,兼有债性、股性和转换期权三重特征。由于其性质复杂,作为我国首批试点发行公司债券的主体,上市公司应周全考虑各方面的因素后再决定是否发行或如何发行。这些因素包括对可转换债券本质的认识、发行动机的选择、发行条款的设计及发行价格的制定等。     

绿色债券发行能缓解企业债务违约风险吗？——基于多期DID模型的研究

运用理论模型对企业发行不同债券时的差异性情景进行分析,提出企业的绿色债券发行对自身债务违约风险存在抑制效应,并选取2016—2020年1604家上市非金融公司的年度面板数据,基于多期DID模型进行实证检验。研究表明：企业发行绿色债券可以显著降低自身债务违约风险;企业发行绿色债券可以通过缓解融资约束、降低债务融资成本、提高股票流动性和增强绿色声誉这四个渠道降低自身的债务违约风险;外部融资依赖度高、研发支出占比低、信息披露程度高和管理者短视程度低的企业发行绿色债券可以更显著地降低自身债务违约风险。政策上应该进一步引导企业合理发行绿色债券,推动绿色金融的发展。     

上市公司债务融资方式选择的实证分析

本文就我国上市公司的债务融资方式选择进行了理论分析和实证检验,发现:规模大、企业价值高、盈利能力强、成长性佳的企业倾向于选择发行企业债券融资;国有股比例高的企业,所有者缺位等现象就可能越严重,企业的代理成本就会越高,因此,会倾向于选择银行贷款;杠杆比例高的企业则因为增发门槛的提高,通过条款设计等措施能使可转换债在短期内转换成股票,因而更倾向于选择发行企业债券。     

可转债的融资动机——以嘉元转债为例

本文以广东嘉元科技有限公司发行嘉元转债为例，探讨可转债的融资动机。信息不对称理论和代理理论是主流解释理论，然而研究发现，嘉元转债的发行动机并不是降低信息不对称或者降低代理成本，而是调整资本结构。嘉元转债发行之后，公司的资产负债率从10%上升至40%，更为接近行业均值。而且，公司预期可转债的融资成本为5.1%，明显低于同期可比的其他债务融资工具；公司也不准备行使提前赎回权利，以降低可转债的整体融资成本。     

Characteristics of firms that issue convertible debt versus convertible preferred stock

This study examines the characteristics of firms that issue convertible debt versus firms that issue convertible preferred stock. The findings are consistent with the agency, information asymmetry, optimal capital structure, financial distress, and tax benefits hypotheses. The findings also indicate that these two types of convertible securities are used to raise external capital by distinctively different groups of firms. First, convertible preferred stock issuing firms have larger nondebt tax shields and higher levels of financial, operating, and bankruptcy risks than convertible debt issuing firms. Second, firms that issue convertible debt have greater free cash flow (financial slack) and growth potential than firms that issue convertible preferred stock.     

The Market Perception of Convertible Debt Versus Straight Debt: some Empirical Evidence from U.S. Firms and Non-U.S. Firms Listed in the U.S.

Accounting for convertible debt has long been a source of controversy in the accounting profession in the U.S. Current U.S. accounting rules require classifying convertible debt at date of issuance as "entirely debt" until conversion, despite numerous studies that assert that convertible debt is not "entirely debt", but is a blend of debt and equity. Convertible debt has taken on international interest because of the issuance of International Accounting Standard (IAS) 32, Financial Instruments; Disclosure and Presentation, which prescribes reporting separate debt and equity components for convertible debt. This study examines convertible debt issued by U.S. firms and non-U.S. firms listed in the U.S. using a levels approach. Specifically, convertible debt is compared to straight debt and contrary to ex ante expectation, convertible debt was not found to be perceived as being significantly different than straight debt for U.S. firms for any years and is statistically different in only two of the six years tested for non-U.S. firms. The validity of this study's findings is underscored by its research design, which compares convertible debt and straight debt issued by the same firms. The findings suggest that investors regard reported amounts of convertible debt similar to straight debt in their assessment of firm value.     

上市公司可转债发行动机分析——基于控制权收益视角的实证研究

为了探讨股东控制权收益对上市公司可转债融资行为的影响,本文以2006-2011年我国发行可转债上市公司和增发上市公司为研究样本,运用logistic回归分析方法分析所选变量对可转债发行动机的影响。研究发现:第一大股东持股比例、每股净资产和每股收益三大指标分别与是否发行可转债显著正相关。     

Relative information asymmetry as a determinant of the market reaction to corporate financing announcements

Information-asymmetry-based models predict that the market should react negatively to unanticipated external financing. Previous empirical studies lend limited support to these conjectures. This study examines the anticipation issue using financial analysts' earnings-forecast errors as a proxy for information available prior to the external-financing announcement. The conjecture is that external financing would be less anticipated for firms which financial analysts cannot accurately predict their earnings. Event study results indicate that high-prediction-error firms exhibit significantly lower announcement period returns than lowprediction-error firms for non-convertible debt, convertible debt, and common stock offerings.     

公司发行可转换债券融资的动机分析

公司使用可转换债券筹集外部资金既是作为普通债券的替代,增加转换特性来降低利息率从而保持现金流量,也是转换条款建立“延迟股权”,通过转换,以高于现行股票的价格出售。本文研究发现,公司发行可转换债券是为了减少由于股东和管理者以及股东和债权人之间冲突所引起的代理成本;为了降低由发行普通债券带来的高额预期财务危机成本和普通股发行中经常出现的严重负面公告效应;以及在投资者和管理者对公司面临的风险认识不同时,使其价值不易受公司风险变化的影响。     

Investigating the effectiveness of convertible bonds in reducing agency costs: A Monte-Carlo approach

Simulation and option pricing techniques are used to value the marginal effect of asset risk on stock value. I find the optimal mix of stock, debt and convertible bonds that reduces this marginal effect to zero. At this optimal point the agency costs of debt are minimized. The incentive to add risky projects that arises from ordinary debt is offset by the incentive to ignore risky projects that arises from convertible debt.     

The Impact of Debt-Equity Reporting Classifications on the Firm's Decision to Issue Hybrid Securities

Abstract

We test the influence of classification of securities into liabilities and equity on firms' financing choices, using as our setting the change in reporting classification of hybrid securities following SFAS 150. We find that this change affected the decision of firms to issue mandatorily redeemable preferred shares (MRPS). Following the requirement that firms classify the debt-like hybrid security MRPS as a liability, the share of MRPS issuances in firms' new financing declined. Characteristics of firms issuing MRPS also changed. While prior to SFAS 150 firms with higher levels of debt and lower coverage ratios chose to issue MRPS and not debt, after its adoption, the decision to issue MRPS is no longer related to firms' pre-existing debt and coverage levels. Furthermore, our results indicate that before SFAS 150 managers were willing to bear the higher issuance fees of MRPS and chose to issue these debt-like hybrid securities over cheaper debt. The requirement to classify debt-like hybrids as a liability took away the reporting incentives for issuance and made these securities a less popular financing vehicle.     

Determinants of capital structure choice: A structural equation modeling approach

In their seminal research on the determinants of capital structure choice using structural equation modeling (SEM), Titman and Wessels [Titman, S., & Wessels, R. (1988). The determinants of capital structure choice. Journal of Finance, 43, 1–19] obtain weak results and hence call for further investigation. We apply a Multiple Indicators and Multiple Causes (MIMIC) model, with refined indicators, to a pooled sample for the period 1988–2003 and find more convincing results than those obtained by Titman and Wessels. With the capital structure measured simultaneously by the ratios of long-term debt, short-term debt, and convertible debt to the market value of equity, our results show that growth is the most important determinant of capital structure choice, followed in order by profitability, collateral value, volatility, non-debt tax shields, and uniqueness. Moreover, we find that long-term debt is the most important proxy of capital structure, followed by short-term debt, and then convertible debt.     

多元化战略、经济绩效与资本结构——关于上市公司股权融资偏好解释

我国上市公司存在十分强烈的股权融资偏好,学术界一般将其原因归结为股权融资成本偏低。笔者研究则表明,融资成本因素并不能全部解释上市公司股权融资偏好。本文从企业多元化经营战略角度来剖析股权融资偏好。研究发现:企业多元化程度越低负债率越低,企业经济绩效越好;企业有动力降低负债率,采用股权融资。研究还发现,企业多元化战略已经构成融资决策的有效约束,股权融资偏好是上市公司的理性选择。