西湖世界遗产与杭州旅游发展的实践与思考

一、世界遗产西湖的普世价值 在杭州西湖申遗文本中把“杭州西湖文化景观”定义为:“十个多世纪以来,中国传统文化精英的精神家园,是中国各阶层人们世代向往的人间天堂,是中国历史最久、影响最大的文化名湖,曾对9至18世纪东亚地区的文化产生广泛影响”.     

现象世界的旅游体验:旅游世界与生活世界

本文从基础理论研究的角度探讨了旅游现象研究的几个基本范畴.作者认为,旅游现象是一种纷繁复杂的社会经济现象,而构成这种复杂现象的内核的元素就是旅游体验.这种旅游体验过程是一个有一定自组织能力的连续系统.它由一个个富有特色和专门意义的情境串联组合而成,这些情境则共同构成了一个有别于人们日常生活世界的另类行为环境:旅游世界.通过对旅游世界结构性要素的分析和描述,本文构建了一个理解旅游现象的新的视角,而这种视角的哲学渊源来自现象学方法.     

从“旅游城市”到“城市旅游”：浅谈城市旅游发展的痛点及解决路径——以泰安市为例

改革开放以来,市场经济的快速发展带动国内旅游业的蓬勃发展,旅游业具有较高的投入产出率,因而使其成为近年来城市经济建设的重要着力点。当前,我国许多城市在旅游业发展中仍过分依赖资源开发,致力打造“旅游城市”,忽略了对城市本身的探讨,缺乏对“城市旅游”的建设,使得城市反而不及景区带给人的印象深刻。文章基于城市旅游动力机制模型,以山东省泰安市为例,通过产业升级创新、构建城市旅游综合体等方式,促进城市从“旅游城市”向“城市旅游”转变,助力城市旅游经济的进一步发展。     

文明旅游与旅游文明:提升国际旅游竞争力的软实力

全球化使人类社会成为一个即时互动、相互依赖的整体,时空压缩和地球村是人们对全球化现象最简洁、最形象的概括.与此同时,全球化也使世界各国各地区的旅游市场连接成为一个统一的全球性市场.全球化背景下中国旅游业何去何从?最根本的方向是提高中国旅游业的国际竞争力.     

“旅游罩”现象的实证研究——以九寨沟为例

本文在旅游罩理论研究的基础上,以四川九寨沟为例,对旅游罩现象进行实证研究,以期推进国内关于旅游罩现象研究的进一步发展.论文从3个方面分别分析了九寨沟旅游者罩、旅游业罩和旅游目的地罩的形成原因.研究表明,旅游罩现象在九寨沟旅游区是存在的,业已对旅游者体验和目的地社会文化造成了影响.本文的研究将进一步促进对旅游罩现象的认识,为合理制定九寨沟旅游业发展战略提供依据,也为其他旅游区旅游业健康发展提供借鉴.     

旅游目的地营销:城市旅游形象的设计与推广——兼论大连创建中国最佳旅游城市的战略思考

随着经济的发展、社会的进步、人们观念的更新和消费意识的增强,"旅游"已成为现在乃至今后我国居民消费的新热点.没有旅游,则没有人流;没有人流,则没有消费流;没有国际人流,则没有国际性城市可言.所以,要把一座城市建成国际性城市,首先应该将其建成知名旅游城市.当前,国家旅游局正在开展试点工作的"中国最佳旅游城市创建"活动,则是打造国际著名旅游城市的绝佳载体.     

出境旅游的消费异化:现象、原因与解决途径

世界旅游组织预测,到2020年我国将成为世界第一大旅游接待国和第四大客源输出国。届时,中国公民出境旅游人数将达1亿人次。在短短不到30年,我国出境旅游目的地国家与地区数量、出境人数、出境旅游消费都呈现规模化增长,特别是中国     

旅游“废都”:现象与防治——基于云南国家级口岸打洛镇的实证研究

文献综述表明旅游影响研究的重点之一是负面影响的研究,缺憾之一是"旅游后影响"的研究相对较少.打洛镇的旅游后现象是一种目前中国城镇旅游的典型现象--旅游"废都"现象.基于经典的旅游影响研究范式以及田野调查,显示旅游"废都"意味着旅游衰败之后城镇"经济失力、社会失调、文化失色、环境失衡".并导致"物价虚高、资产闲置、文化涵化、环境恶化".为避免"废都"陷阱,可以通过构建"TDD-DI对冲机制"从而实现对旅游"废都"现象的防治.实现城镇经济的可持续发展.     

城市商务旅游竞争力:评价体系及方法的创新研究

目前,商务旅游竞争力的研究相对较少,而已有的旅游竞争力评价体系研究方法又存在亟须改进之处。为此,本文创新性地通过专家访谈及商务游客调查确定城市商务旅游特征,并以商务游客认知趋势这一客观信息为基础,借助因子分析法构建了城市商务旅游竞争力评价的量化模型。随后,以香港、澳门、上海、广州4个城市的商务旅游竞争力为例,对该模型的普适性及准确性进行了检验。通过检验得知,该评价体系的构建过程体现了一定的客观性,在具体使用方面拥有较高的准确性及可行性,具有较好的应用价值。由于本研究的抽样调查仅在澳门进行,如能在更广泛的区域内对商务旅客取样,则所构建的评价指标体系会更为完善。     

The Determinants of the Travel Demand on International Tourist Arrivals to Thailand

The purpose of this study is to develop a travel demand model of international tourist arrivals to Thailand and to assess the impact of crisis incidents on Thailand's tourism industry. A 20-year (1987–2006) annual time series data of “number of international tourist arrivals”, “exchange rate”, “promotion budget”, and dummy variables of “Asia financial crisis”, “special promotional campaigns”, “SARS” and “tsunami” were used to develop the travel demand model by performing a multiple regression analysis. The results showed that travel demand of international tourist arrivals to Thailand could be explained by “exchange rate”, “promotion budget”, “Asia financial crisis” and “SARS”.     

The 1979 US gasoline shortage and its impact on the tourism industry

Owners or managers of 373 businesses on Cape Cod, Massachusetts, were interviewed in summer 1981 to determine whether they were affected by the 1979 gasoline shortage. The results indicate that half the respondents were affected, the majority of whom were adversely affected. More tourism businesses reported being affected than non-tourism businesses. The effects manifested themselves in staff layoffs and unfilled vacancies. Nevertheless, tourism businesses on the Cape did not alter any of their marketing strategies, excluding the lowering of prices.     

The provision of travel advice to tourists and travellers: The legal implications in New Zealand

Obtaining travel advice prior to departure is a recommended prerequisite in minimising any detrimental effects that may cause harm to unsuspecting travellers. Tourists may seek travel advice from a variety of different sources. Thus, the quality of travel advice that is obtained would vary according to the knowledge and experience of the source that provides that information. This paper examines the legal position of the providers of travel advice in relation to the information that they may give to travellers in New Zealand. The legal implications and repercussions of providing travel advice can vary according to the source of the provision and expectations of the public. With generally no legislation specifically enacted for the provision of travel advice, it is the common law, as handed down by the courts, and the civil statutes that, to a large extent, provide a possible solution to a situation of this kind. Strangely, in some instances, not providing any travel advice at all may be a viable option for certain travel providers in order to avoid severe civil penalties that may arise when doing so. Although this paper focuses mainly on the laws applicable in New Zealand, the law of contract is similar in most common law countries and thus has an international application. However, local legislation may amend or modify the common law to suit its local environment.     

Tourist Motives and Destination Competitiveness: A Gap Analysis Perspective

This study explores the use of gap analysis in examining the demand-side and supply-side perceptions of international tourists’ motives for visiting Botswana, along with Botswana’s competitiveness as a tourist destination. Statistically significant negative gaps between tourists and tourism providers’ perceptions mean that further understanding of tourists by providers is necessary to enhance the destination’s competitiveness. The analysis of findings was based on 14 “pull” motivations adapted from Kozak (2002) and 104 destination competitiveness measures, some of which were adapted from Omerzel (2006). Factor analysis, reliability analysis, and a series of independent t-tests were used to analyze the data. Study results indicate that tourists visit Botswana mainly for pleasure seeking rather than culture. The study further reveals that Botswana’s competitiveness as a destination is average. Furthermore, the study found statistically significant differences between tourists and tourism providers on all of the “push” factors and nine of the 15 destination competitiveness factors. In order for Botswana to be globally competitive, there is need for further improvement with a view to match international tourists’ expectations. Particular attention should be directed at improving the way the destination is managed. Further developments should be made on created resources, safety, demand conditions, historical and cultural heritage resources, organized excursions, and cleanliness.     

The demand for Mi’kmaw cultural tourism: Tourist perspectives

This paper examines survey findings of tourist interest in Mi’kmaw cultural tourism in Nova Scotia. The results indicate a high interest in Mi’kmaw cultural tourism activities even though most tourists had not participated in Aboriginal tourism before. Further results indicate that tourists’ age, education and place of origin influence their level of interest in particular Mi’kmaw cultural tourism activities. Older tourists had lower interest in activities that required more time and physical activity whereas more-educated tourists had higher interest in participating in particular Mi’kmaw cultural tourism activities. Also, international tourists had the greatest interest in Mi’kmaw cultural tourism, especially activities that involved greater contact with the Mi’kmaw hosts.     

The Influence of Food Expenditure on Tourist Response to Festival Tourism: Expenditure Perspective

Festival tourism, which combines the theme of a festival with the local characteristics of an area, has become an extremely attractive marketing method in recent years. In addition, local food and beverages are items that many visitors enjoy consuming and that can become attractions in their own right. The aims of this study are: (a) based on expenditure theory, to explore how spending on food and beverages and other items such as accommodations and transportation influences intentions to revisit and make positive recommendation; and (b) to examine whether or not tourists with different lifestyles use or experience different sources of information, evaluation criteria and travel expenses. A questionnaire survey was conducted using visitors to the 2009 Penghu Sea fireworks festival, and 308 valid samples were collected. The results were as follows. First, food and beverages had a significant positive influence on revisit and recommendation intentions. Second, the total expenditure on a tourist visit had a significantly negative effect on revisit and recommendation intentions. Third, there were statistically significant differences with regard to information searching, evaluation criteria and tourism expenditure among tourists with different lifestyles. Based on these results, we can conclude that food and beverage expenditure during festival tourism is an important factor in whether or not tourists plan to revisit an area and recommend it to others. The findings also show that more tourists can be attracted if festivals are well suited to local conditions and characteristics (such as the availability of seafood in the example examined in this work).     

论旅游权利应是旅游立法的宗旨和目标

旅游立法的核心问题是明确立法精神和价值取向。由此出发,旅游立法的根本宗旨只可能是指向公民旅游权利的实现和旅游权益的保障,而不应当是为了调整部门权力关系和商业机构的利益分配。     

Tourist satisfaction in relation to attractions and implications for conservation in the protected areas of the Northern Circuit,Tanzania

This study assessed tourist satisfaction and its links with tourist attractions and infrastructure at the following six protected areas on the Northern Tourist Circuit of Tanzania: Tarangire National Park, Lake Manyara National Park, Ngorongoro Conservation Area, Serengeti National Park, Arusha National Park, and Mt. Kilimanjaro National Park. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 185 tourists visiting the protected areas. Satisfaction ratings for the Northern Circuit were high, with 86% of tourists willing to be repeat visitors. Tourists were attracted primarily to wildlife viewing. Although most tourists were not influenced to visit the region by indigenous culture or physical features, 81% of tourists noted that non-wildlife attractions enhanced their tourist experience. A range of ways to develop more sustainable forms of tourism emerged from the work, including lengthening stays, guide/driver capacity building, and partnership working with tour operators to improve marketing, increase satisfaction rates, and diversify the product.     

Medical travel facilitator websites: An exploratory study of web page contents and services offered to the prospective medical tourist

The growing trend of traveling outside of one's country for medical services, commonly known as “medical tourism” is expected to continue to grow exponentially in the next ten years (Keckley, 2008). With multiple destinations from which to select, and available information representing this type of travel being of variable reliability, many prospective medical travelers turn to the use of a “medical tourism facilitator”, who perform a variety of trip coordination responsibilities for the medical traveler. These medical tourism facilitators, themselves a new phenomenon to support travel to various global regions, may operate within the traveler's home country or the destination region. This study explores the services offered on medical tourism facilitators' websites to the prospective traveler. Through the application of correspondence analysis, it was discovered that differences in both website content and in services offered varied by the continent upon which the facilitator operated. With little yet known as to the motivations of a medical traveler in the selection of a specific destination, these discovered differences may be a first insight into regional differences that may play a role in such destination selection.