基于GIS的地价空间分布规律研究--以北京市住宅地价为例

利用北京市1998—2003年的普通住宅出让地价资料,采用统计分析和GIS空间分析相结合的方法,得到北京市普通住宅出让地价的系列空间分布图,在此基础之上揭示北京市住宅地价空间分布规律及其成因。分析结果表明:地价的分布在空间上既有连续性,也存在变异性。文章提出了地价梯度和地价指向,作为表征地价空间变化的两项指标,也存在明显的空间差异。     

Strategic entry and externalities in groundwater resources: Evidence from the lab

This study uses economics experiments to extend the literature on common-pool resources by focusing on entry investment behavior in a stylized, spatially explicit aquifer. The model consists of a two-stage game, where participants make an entry decision in the first stage and, if they choose to enter, decide how much resource to extract in the second stage. Results show that entry behavior and groundwater pumping decisions are significantly affected by the underlying spatial externalities of the resource. In instances where the impacts of groundwater use are spread across all resource users, we observe both a greater number of users choosing to use the resource and a higher intensity of use. The results support expectations from the model that groundwater management policies should focus on entry in addition to decisions related to the volume of pumping. The results also discern the interplay of entry with both hydrogeologic characteristics of the resource and the option to exit and reveal that the option to exit increases the intensity of extraction as well as initial entry rates.     

Research Trends and Opportunities in Environmental and Natural Resource Economics

The research questions and topics most likely to emerge in the near term future are assessed. A common theme is that policy issues will be an important driving force, as has generally been true in the past. More specifically, future theoretical advances are expected to occur in the treatment of uncertainty, the incorporation of stock service flows into natural resource analysis, and the incorporation of institutional considerations into models of resource exploitation. Research on valuation is expected to remain vigorous, primarily in the testing of basic assumptions and reconciliation of existing inconsistencies. Opportunities in renewable resource economics center on the incorporation of richer behavioral and technological detail in the general frameworks that already exist. A better understanding of what drives technology, and how environmental agreements can be negotiated and enforced among sovereign nations, are two topics likely to shape future research on global externalities. Finally, questions related to spatial aspects of natural resource use, and matters of land use more generally, seem likely to emerge as important topics on the profession's future research agenda.     

武汉市城市空间形态演变研究

概述了武汉市城市空间形态演变的基本过程,从用地变迁、CA模拟、形态测度三个方面进行了定量化研究,运用GIS技术进行用地、人口空间分布数据的建库和可视化表现,运用CA模型对四个主要历史时期主城空间增长过程进行了模拟,运用数理统计方法对城市空间形态进行了测度评价,分析了空间增长的基本规律和存在的问题。     

基于公里网格评价法的市域主体功能区划与调整——以广州市为例

主体功能区研究是目前区域可持续发展研究中的热点与关键领域.以广州市为例,通过构建侧重于土地利用现状的指标体系,基于公里网格评价单元,利用GIS空间分析,根据资源环境重要度、现有开发密度、未来发展潜力进行次级分区,最后通过三维魔方图聚类和政策强制性区域的主体功能调整,探索面向村级单元实践的市域主体功能区划的方法.区划结果包括2个禁止开发区、3个限制开发区、3个重点开发区、1个优化开发区、1个后备土地区,其结构和布局与广州市城市发展战略一致,有利于广州市域协调发展.     

资源型城市形态演变及机制研究——以大庆市为例

以多期大庆市矿区及城市建设规划资料和相关统计资料为基础,综合应用GIS分析、统计分析和类型分析等方法,从体系形态、结构形态和肌理形态三个层次分析大庆市空间结构的演变过程、特征和机制。在以下四个方面获得进一步的认识:首先,大庆市空间体系形态较为分散,但有着聚集发展的趋势;其次,大庆市油田开采区内与区外的城镇结构形态演变分别遵循受控"点—轴"发展模式与多核心、带状发展模式,耦合形成了城市整体的结构形态;第三,城市肌理形态体现出类型和层次上的单一性,并有着特殊的"大院式"空间形态单元;第四,大庆市城市形态的发展演变可归纳为四阶段的发展演变模式,形态的主要影响因素通过约束作用、引导作用、作为内在机制和推动作用等途径产生影响。     

兰州—西宁城镇密集区县域经济差异的空间格局演化分析

基于兰州—西宁城镇密集区2000-2008年的县域经济发展数据,以县域为研究单元,采用因子分析和GIS技术相结合的方法,对密集区经济差异的空间格局进行综合分析。结果表明:兰州—西宁城镇密集区发展较好的县域集中于湟水谷地、兰—青铁路沿线一带;密集区经济空间格局呈核心—外围空间结构,遵循空间距离衰减规律,且具有东西分异、南北分异和低值集聚、高值分散特征;2000—2008年,兰州—西宁城镇密集区县域经济差异有所减小,其中兰州市区、红古区、白银区和西宁市区保持区域经济核心地位不变,中等水平县域由数量少、斑块状的分散布局转变为范围广、集聚性强的面状空间形态,低增长型县域呈组团式集聚分布于密集区南部。     

成渝经济区县域经济实力的时空差异分析

基于成渝经济区2000年、2007年的县域经济发展数据,以县域为研究单元,采用主成分分析和GIS相结合的方法,对经济区近8年的经济发展特征进行综合分析。结果表明:2000年以来,成渝经济区县域经济差异有所减小,但仍比较明显;县域经济总体呈"凹"型格局,城镇沿长江干支流、铁路、高速公路等交通轴线布局的特征明显;成都和重庆是区域经济发展的双核,但两个城市呈离心发展,对区域经济的辐射带动作用不够,经济区中部存在较大的经济低谷;县域经济实力的空间变化呈圈层结构,遵循空间距离衰减规律;2000—2007年经济发展水平较高的县域集聚的空间范围扩大,由犬牙交错的斑块状分布向连片的面状分布发展。     

基于GIS的东北地区后备农用地资源评价

在GIS的支持下,选定东北后备农用地资源利用的影响因子,通过GIS的权重叠加模型运算,对东北地区后备农用地资源进行耕地适宜性评价,对于开发、利用和保护东北地区土地资源具有一定的实际意义。     

从自然资源经济学到可持续经济学

随着物质生活水平的快速提高,人类也面临着诸如森林退化、土地荒漠化、物种多样性丧失以及温室效应恶化等生存环境问题。可持续发展问题日益受到人们的关注,通过经济学的视角来研究可持续发展的可持续经济学得到了快速的发展。本文从经济学的角度界定了自然资源的概念,回顾了经济学对自然资源的研究历程,对自然资源经济学的起源、发展进行了评述;论证了自然资源经济学和可持续经济学的关系,指出在可持续发展问题研究中融合自然资源经济学和环境经济学的必然性,以自然资源经济学和环境经济学为重要元素的可持续经济学是可持续问题经济研究的高级阶段,文章进一步探讨了可持续经济学的分析框架、发展现状及存在的问题。     

要素禀赋与黄河流域经济空间分异研究

基于广义要素禀赋视角系统研究1990—2006年黄河流域要素禀赋对经济空间分异的影响。结果表明,人力资源禀赋和制度禀赋是影响经济空间分异的两大因素;非自然禀赋对经济空间分异的影响逐步增强,自然禀赋对经济空间分异的影响已较弱;改革开放引起制度禀赋改善、资本和劳动要素集聚,使山东、内蒙古和河南的综合要素禀赋优势逐步增强,这是黄河流域综合要素禀赋空间分异逐步加剧的根源;受综合要素禀赋空间分异态势的支配,黄河流域经济空间分异日趋加剧。     

Efficiency, equity, and sustainability in a water quantity-quality optimization model in the Rio Grande basin

Integrated hydrologic and economic optimization models at the basin scale provide a framework for policy design, implementation, and evaluation in water-stressed basins. Despite the considerable potential that basin scale analysis offers, few basin-wide studies have examined tradeoffs among efficiency, equity, and sustainability when analyzing the design of water resource programs. This paper develops a basin scale framework to identify hydrologic and economic impacts of alternative water pricing programs that comply with environmental regulations for protecting water quality. Key issues are examined that confront integrated hydroeconomic basin models: linking water and economics, spatial and temporal scale integration, and quantity-quality relationships. Economic efficiency is defined and measured for each of two urban water pricing arrangements that comply with urban water quality protection regulations. Alternative measures of equity are analyzed in both spatial and temporal dimensions. Sustainability is evaluated physically for protecting the water supply and financially for long-term revenue viability. The approach is illustrated from results of a dynamic nonlinear programming optimization model of water use in North America's Rio Grande basin. The model optimizes the net present value of the basin's total economic benefits subject to constraints on equity, sustainability, hydrology, and institutions. It is applied to assess impacts of a two-tiered pricing program that complies with recently implemented drinking water quality standards for the basin's two largest U.S. cities: Albuquerque, New Mexico, and El Paso, Texas. Results suggest that two-tiered pricing of urban water supply has considerable potential to perform well in meeting the aims of efficiency, equity, and sustainability. Findings provide a general framework for designing water pricing programs that comply with environmental regulations.     

The examination of pecan price differences using spatial correlation estimation

A spatial analysis is used to model factors that explain the price received by pecan growers. Besides the statistical aspect of the study focussing on spatial autoregressive residuals, the economic analysis of the paper identifies linkages between the price for in-shell pecans received by growers and the characteristics of the orchard, production costs and resources, and the orchard location.     

土地资源错配与经济波动的空间溢出效应实证分析

文章构建了一个采用时变引力空间权重矩阵的空间自滞后模型(SLX),探讨土地资源错配对经济波动的空间溢出效应。实证结果表明:本地区土地资源错配能够减缓邻近地区的经济波动,即土地资源错配会对经济波动存在负向空间溢出效应;土地资源错配对经济波动的负向空间溢出效应主要通过降低密度边际波动来实现。进一步研究发现,在三类不同等级城市间,土地资源错配对经济波动的空间溢出效应不尽相同:在自上而下的空间溢出效应中,并不是每类高等级城市都对低等级城市存在空间溢出效应,而在自下而上的空间溢出效应中,每类低等级城市都对高等级城市存在空间溢出效应,同等级城市间的空间溢出效应则并不显著。     

江苏省湿地资源现状及其可持续利用研究

结合国内外湿地研究进展,利用遥感图像解译,以GIS技术为支撑,对江苏省湿地资源现状进行了调查,对造成湿地资源减少与退化的主要原因以及开发利用中存在的主要问题进行了系统分析,最后提出进行保护和可持续利用的若干对策。     

Sustainable management of renewable resources: an experimental investigation in continuous time

This study addresses one of the most basic questions in renewable resource management: the ability of economic agents to exploit a renewable resource in an efficient and sustainable manner. In a laboratory experiment, subjects are presented with renewable resource extraction problems, where optimal management will lead to a stable steady state. A test of sustainability of the extraction practices shows that extraction behaviour results in steady states only 56% of the time. The mode of the steady state distribution coincides with the optimal steady state extraction. The trade-off between accruing a higher payoff in the present and sustaining the resource for future exploitation leads to suboptimal behaviours such as initial overextraction of the resource compared to the optimal extraction policy, costly downward adjustment of the extraction later in time, and settling down for lower long-run resource and extraction. The suboptimal behaviours lead to 17% loss in efficiency on average in terms of the accumulated payoff. We further look at extraction behaviour in terms of the degree of impatience it projects and find, based on their extraction decisions, that most of our subjects seem more impatient in managing their resource than is justified by the decision-making problem presented to them.     

Testing the Influence of Substitute Sites in Nature Valuation by Using Spatial Discounting Factors

This paper investigates the effect of nearby nature substitute sites on preferences for nature restoration. Contrary to prior studies, we use a respondent-centric approach to control for substitute sites. We assess each respondent-specific spatial context by computing densities of nature substitute sites within various ranges from each respondent’s home. This approach considers the use and non-use values of nature together. Data from three similar discrete choice experiments carried out in Flanders (Belgium) are compared. Different spatial discounting factors are tested to explore how the substitution effect behaves with regard to distance. Latent class analyses are performed to account for preference heterogeneity among respondents. We observe divergent behaviours across groups of respondents. The “distance-to-substitutes” affects how respondents gauge substitute sites. We find a significant influence of the squared average buffer distance but this effect varies in sign across case studies and classes of respondents. Our results demonstrate that individual-specific GIS data can significantly improve the representation of the spatial context and the transferability of value functions. However, the roles played by preference heterogeneity and nature perception on respondents’ capacity to value nature still deserves further attention in future research.     

评西方生态经济学研究

本文拟就西方生态经济学的产生动机、背景、有关概念和方法做一简介。在考察生态经济学产生背景的基础上，首先介绍生态经济学的基础，涉及到生态经济系统协同演化问题及这些问题为什么不能用标准的自然资源利用模型或生态系统动态模型加以解释的原因。其次介绍生态经济学的研究特性和对生物多样性的认识。最后讨论生态经济学的政策含义。     

技术的时空扩散研究:以GIS在中国教育科研机构的扩散为例

新技术的扩散总是涉及到时间和空间两个尺度,相当一部分技术扩散研究只研究时间这一尺度。相比而言,空间的扩散过程及机理的研究就困难得多,这不仅因为数据难以获得,而且因为在空间尺度上影响扩散的因素也相当复杂。文章利用文献计量方法获得有关GIS技术在中国教育科研机构的基本数据,为技术的时空扩散研究提供了难得的数据资源。该数据的特点在于同时具有时间和空间两维尺度。数据表明,无论是在时间还是在空间尺度上,技术的扩散都表现为经典的S型增长路径。在数据的基础上分析了影响GIS扩散的主要因素,包括地区文化教育和科研状况、地区经济发展以及地区信息与网络状况等。在此基础上,利用主体模型对时空扩散过程加以模拟,模拟的结果比较令人满意,表明对于影响因素的分析是可靠的。     

群集多服务器地籍信息系统设计与实现

分析了当前地籍信息系统在多服务器协同与海量空间数据共享和互操作中存在的问题,剖析并引入群集(Cluster)技术,优化设计了多层次多PC服务器群集体系架构的地籍信息系统,并结合常规海量分布式空间数据库的多项管理策略,发展了一套基于群集的多缓冲区策略和双机互备等多服务器海量空间数据管理技术,充分发挥了群集技术在高性能运算和高可靠性多服务器架构等方面的技术优势。在浙江省桐乡市的基于群集的地籍信息管理应用中,验证了群集地籍信息平台的整体性能优越性。