效益转移在陕北煤炭开发环境损失评估中的应用

为了正确评价煤炭开发利用所得到的真实收入，不但要将煤炭开发利用中所造成的自身价值折耗从收入中剔除，还要扣除其对生态环境破坏所造成的价值损失。本文利用CVM方法对陕北地区神木县大柳塔镇、西沟乡和榆阳区牛家梁镇3个乡镇在煤炭开发过程中所造成的生态环境价值损失进行了定性分析和定量评价，提出当地的最小补偿意愿（WTAC）主要与当地百姓对环境破坏的态度（Atu）和当地的户均收入（Income）正相关；给出大柳塔镇、西沟乡和牛家梁镇三地由于煤炭开采过程中造成的环境破坏百姓愿意接受的户均最小补偿意愿每年分别为4634，524元、2671.348元和4813.265元。在此基础上，展开效益转移法在陕北煤炭开发环境损失评估中的精度和可靠性研究。研究结果表明，当使用效益转移法求某地的最小补偿意愿时，其已研究地和决策地之间必须具有相同或极相近的环境对象和社会经济变量，否则会造成效益转移的结果不可靠，给出过高或过低的估计值，为效益转移法在不可再生资源跨区域环境损失中的研究提供理论和现实依据。     

Environmental Valuation – To Use or Not to Use? A Comparative Study of the United States and Europe

Valuation methods have been used for five main purposes in environmental decision-making. Cost–benefit analysis (CBA) of projects, CBA of new regulations, natural resource damage assessment, environmental costing, and environmental accounting. The relatively lower importance attached to economic efficiency in environmental decision-making in most European countries compared to the U.S.A., both legally and in practice, might account for our general finding that there are very few valuation studies in Europe which have served as a decisive basis for environmental policy and regulations. However, with EU's goal to establish environmentally adjusted national accounts and to apply CBA to environmental policy and regulations, time seems ripe for an increased use of valuation techniques in Europe.     

Estimating a socially optimal water price for irrigation versus an environmentally optimal water price through the use of Geographical Information Systems and Social Accounting Matrices

This article develops a method for establishing water prices and their effects in order to provide policy makers an environmentally and socially optimal range of regional prices for irrigation water. Two prices are determined. The “environmentally optimal price” of water is defined as the one that internalizes the environmental costs generated by agricultural consumption. The “social optimally price” of water is defined as the one that maximizes levies on water for agriculture without affecting the regional economy. The environmentally optimal price is calculated with an economic model built over a Geographical Information System (GIS) that allows the economic quantification and valuation of the environmental cost of water in different basins. The optimal price is calculated with a demand curve for irrigation water introduced into a Social Accounting Matrix (SAM) to observe if the regional economy can accept higher prices without affecting the regional GDP. Potential water prices are established, ranging from prices that minimize the negative impact in the regional economy to those that totally internalize the environmental cost of water.