The history of PATA and its effect on advance pricing arrangements and mutual agreement procedures

In its 25 years of existence, the Pacific Association of Tax Administrators (PATA) has attempted to protect tax revenues and combat tax evasion techniques (including transfer pricing) by transnational corporations (TNCs). To that end, the tax authorities of its four member countries (Australia, Canada, Japan and the United States) have met at least annually to exchange information and identify specific deterrents to tax evasion activities that could be implemented quickly. Recently, PATA has released several documents to assist both tax authorities and TNCs in the area of advance pricing agreements, mutual agreement procedures, and transfer-pricing documentation. The study looks at the PATA's influence on tax authorities and TNC behavior in these and other areas.     

转让定价与避税地:唇齿还是盾矛?

转让定价与避税地同为跨国企业进行避税的重要手段。跨国企业通过避税地成立基地公司进行转让定价,利用转让定价将利润更多地转移和滞留在避税地,从而实现整体税收利益的最大化。考虑到两者的紧密联系,在反避税制度建设和征管实践中对转让定价和避税地进行综合协调,有利于提高反避税工作效率。     

加强转让定价税收管理营造公平的税收环境

伴随着经济全球化的发展趋势,外资经济发生了新的变化,对税收管理提出了更高的要求,对跨国公司关联交易的税收管理已成为税务机关的工作重点之一。为更好地维护国家税收权益、促进公平竞争,税务机关必须运用各种科学技术手段,加强转让定价税收管理;跨国公司也必须合理定价,依法申报,积极做好举证和资料提供,配合税务机关对转让定价的调整。     

接受转让定价调查企业的后续管理分析

反避税后续管理面临可借鉴性缺乏,相关政策法规、操作规程不明朗等一系列问题。本文以某接受转让定价调查的企业为例,就转让定价调查后企业的后续管理问题进行了分析,并提出了加强对接受转让定价调查企业后续管理的建议。     

国外转让定价罚则的现状及在我国的进展

本文介绍了各国转让定价罚则的现状、转让定价罚则在我国的发展概况,并结合《中华人民共和国企业所得税法》中转让定价罚则的相关内容,论述了转让定价罚则在我国的三个现实意义:填补立法空白、提高税法遵从、推动税务管理实践的发展。     

我国转让定价税务管理中存在的问题及改进建议

外资企业在我国投资、经营过程中,存在运用转让定价等手段转移利润、逃避税收负担的问题。为了消除转让定价避税带来的危害,我国出台了一系列转让定价税务管理法律法规,不断建立健全转让定价税务管理制度,取得了一定的成效。但我国转让定价税务管理还存在诸如管理制度不完善等问题。本文认为,针对我国转让定价税务管理的现状,我们要在建立科学、完备的转让定价税收法律法规体系,扩大转让定价审计的数量和范围等方面下功夫,不断改进我国转让定价税务管理。     

对选址节约相关税务问题的思考

目前,在中国,"选址节约"还是一个新的话题。本文针对选址节约对税务的影响进行了初步的介绍,并着重对其定性及定量进行了分析。     

中国与东盟成员国转让定价税务管理的比较

中国和东盟成员国同属发展中国家,都实行对外开放和吸引外资的经济政策,而且也都面临着外商投资企业滥用转让定价的问题。本文通过比较中国和东盟成员国转让定价税务管理的立法情况、审查和调整方法、预约定价管理、文档管理、处罚规定和审查力度等方面的异同,发现中国现阶段转让定价税务管理中的不足之处,并提出切实可行的改进建议。     

发展我国预约定价安排制度的思考

作为解决关联企业转让定价问题的一种方法,预约定价出现较晚,人们对其了解也较少。本文在简单阐述预约定价安排制度的基础上,分析了预约定价的优缺点,并结合我国预约定价的实践,提出了进一步完善我国预约定价安排制度的若干建议。     

转让定价税制的国际比较与发展趋势

本文从转让定价税制中关联企业的认定、关联交易的类型、调整方法等基本内容出发,分析比较了世界上较典型的转让定价税制,揭示了国际转让定价税制的内在规律,并对国际转让定价税制的发展趋势进行了分析。     

转让定价税务管理中纳税人文档准备和举证责任规定的国际比较

世界各国和地区在转让定价文档准备和举证责任方面的法律规定基本上是依据OECD指南有关原则制定,并有各自特点。本文就这些内容进行了详细地理论探讨和国际比较,并将落脚点放在为我国转让定价税收立法工作提供有益的借鉴作用上。     

红筹上市与反避税问题研究

红筹上市①是国内企业海外融资的一种典型途径。红筹上市暴露出了当前反避税工作的难点和弱点,如“假外资”回流享受税收优惠、利用避税地避税出现新形式、股权并购中的转让定价趋于复杂、独立交易原则面临冲击等。为了更好地应对红筹上市带来的挑战,提高反避税能力,应该着重加强涉税信息的披露和共享,实行法人居民注册地和实际控制地的双重认定标准,统一内外资企业所得税政策,规范税收优惠等。     

完善我国转让定价税制的构想

作为世界经济中的一员,我国不可避免地受到跨国公司利用转让定价避税问题的困扰.为了防止跨国公司利用转让定价避税,损害我国利益,结合我国实际情况,我国应根据国际惯例尽快健全我国转让定价税制,扩大转让定价实施范围,增强实施细则的可操作性,明确纳税人的报告和举证责任,并积极推行预约定价制度.同时,应运用现代信息技术,建立计算机税收监控系统.此外,应成立专门机构,培养稳定的专业人才队伍;积极参与国际税务协作,加强国际税收协调;对外资企业应实行国民待遇,统一对内外资企业的转让定价治理,创造公平的竞争环境.     

Transfer pricing in vertically integrated industries

Tax officials judge whether a multinational’s transfer price is consistent with the arm’s-length standard, the price at which two independent firms would carry out a similar transaction, by using data from comparable but independent transactions. In vertically integrated industries, the only source of comparable data may be from controlled (nonindependent) transactions. Conventional wisdom asserts that standard arm’s-length methods cannot perform well in such markets because the comparability rules encourage the integrated firms to collude tacitly on transfer prices in a way that amplifies tax-differential incentives. In this paper, we show that strategic linkages between vertically integrated firms operating in the same final good market moderate, and can possibly reverse, tax-differential incentives if the correct comparison method is used. The Cost-Plus method turns out to be the most effective in limiting the equilibrium amount of profit-shifting out of the high-tax country and it yields the highest tax revenues for the high-tax country. These benefits are shown to strengthen when the firms have private cost information.      

Income Shifting and International Transfer Pricing: A Three-Country Example

There is a long held belief that international transfer pricing (ITP) is used by multinational enterprises (MNEs) to minimize global tax liability. On the one hand, this is a rational economic response to market imperfections created by national governments. An alternative view decries such actions as anti-competitive and an abuse of power. This article ex-amines the potential benefit to enterprises of ITP manipulation when a real world combination of fiscal rules are simultaneously applied in practice. The countervailing impact of different national rules appears to result in ITP having a minor significance on parent after-tax income. Differential rates cause minor benefits but the absence of a form of tax, such as withholding tax, can provide substantial opportunities to maximize global after-tax income through the choice of transfer price. ITP can therefore provide benefits when national jurisdictions do not have consistent forms of taxation. In all the scenarios explored, major variations are apparent in the after-tax income of subsidiaries operating under different combinations of fiscal regimes and ITP policies. The tension between head-quarter and subsidiary management may be most pronounced when a subsidiary is located in a jurisdiction not having a complete range of tax forms.     

国外转让定价税制发展研究

本文将国外转让定价税制的发展过程归结为早期和近期两个发展时期,并对这两个时期转让定价税制发展变化的历史背景、各个时期发展的特点和发展要点做了简要阐述。     

加强对关联交易的税务管理

近年来,随着市场经济的发展,关联企业间的关联交易行为越来越普遍,给税务管理带来了巨大的挑战。本文对关联交易税务管理中存在的问题进行分析,在了解关联交易税务管理存在的主要问题的基础上,提出了完善税收制度、对重点企业的关联交易实施重点监控、充实反避税信息资料库等建议。     

关联交易中会计信息与计税基础的趋同性研究

我国企业财务会计信息服务对象的变迁反映出会计准则中多重计量属性所引致的会计规范和税收法规在相关交易规定上存在的差异。而依据税收透明度及企业所得税法提供的相关资料两方面的要求,计税依据与会计信息指标非常必要保持一致。本文认为,关联交易会计计量与计税基础在关联关系判定标准、关联交易认定内容等方面存在差异,应该将关联关系扩大到个人,并将关联企业认定的控制标准设定为20%。     

Influences of Culture on Transfer Price Negotiation

Luft and Libby (1997) posit that American transfer price negotiators tend to settle on prices that result in smaller differences in profit between divisions than the external market price will dictate. They attribute the results to a fairness effect. While fairness is present in all cultures, what is considered “fair” differs between cultures (Bian & Keller, 1999; Bolton et al., 2009; Gao, 2009; Surowiecki, 2009). This study ascertains whether cultural affiliation of the negotiator impacts this fairness effect. American and Chinese subjects participated in within-culture and cross-cultural negotiations in an experiment modeled after Luft and Libby (1997). Our results confirm Luft and Libby's (1997) fairness effect when American participants negotiate with each other, but illustrate a contrary effect when Chinese participants negotiate with each other. The negotiator's cultural affiliation is found to determine profit distribution in cross-cultural negotiations. These findings are consistent with longstanding theories of cultural traits (Hofstede, 1980) that are relevant to transfer price negotiation activities. Our results imply that the fairness effect in transfer price negotiation may need to be refined to account for the impact of culture.