Pseudo-Generic Products and Barriers to Entry in Pharmaceutical Markets

This paper examines incentives for brand-name pharmaceutical producers to market pseudo-generic versions of their own branded products upon the expiry of patent protection.Using a two-stage game model, we determine that under plausible demand and cost conditions, brand-name incumbents can find it profitable to produce pseudo-generics as a means of blocking rivals' entry even when independent firms producing true generics face low entry costs.The model shows that social welfare can be higher when firms use pseudo-generics instead of capacity for entry deterrence as long as substitutability between brand-name and generic products is sufficiently high.     

Barriers to Mobility in Europe's Civil Aviation Markets: Theory and New Evidence

A questionnaire-based survey is applied to investigate the perception of mobilitybarriers by European airline managers. Whilst the liberalisation of Europe's airline markets removed regulatory mobility barriers, we find that mobility impediments still appear to exist. Potential entrants moreover, perceive some mobility barriers as significantly more effective than others. The perceived effectiveness of a particular mobility barrier varies considerably among airline managers. We also provide an overview of previous studies on the contestability hypothesis and the effectiveness of endogenous (strategic) mobility barriers. Our results support earlier findings for the U.S. to the effect that barriers to mobility are perceived to exist and matter. Whilst our results are clearly subjective, as they are based on the perceptions of managers, we believe such perceptions matter as they inform managerial actions. In this sensewe believe our results are of value.     

股权分置改革与上市公司治理的实证研究

股权分置改革是中国资本市场的根本性变革,大量的研究分析都一致肯定了其正面作用。那么,股权分置改革是否提高了上市公司治理水平?本文采用主成分分析法构建了包括控股股东、董事会、经理层、信息披露四个维度的公司治理指数(CGI),并研究了股权分置改革对公司治理指数的影响。实证研究发现:①股权分置改革能够显著提高上市公司的公司治理水平;②在公司治理的四个维度中,股权分置改革对控股股东的影响最显著;③终极产权为国有和股权集中的公司,其改善公司治理的动机更强,公司治理水平得到更大的改善;④考虑股权分置改革进度的影响,进一步控制样本的自选择问题后,本文发现股权分置改革的效应正逐步体现出来,已实施股权分置改革的公司比尚未实施股权分置改革的公司在公司治理水平上有更大的提高。     

中国企业的进入退出--1985-2000年汽车与电冰箱产业的案例研究

本文通过构建一个简单的模型来解释和度量企业的进入退出，并将该模型应用于1985—2000年期间中国两个重要产业——汽车制造业和电冰箱制造业的实证研究，目的在于阐明中国企业进入退出的真实原因，希望能对中国产业组织政策的制定贯彻有所启示。统计检验揭示了中国企业进入退出的某些真实特点，在此基础上得出了结论。     

现代公司治理结构新分析——兼评国内外现代公司治理结构研究的新进展

本文对现代公司治理结构的本质与分析方法进行了分析和探讨，并对国内外有关公司治理结构研究结果产生分歧的原因进行了剖析；在上述基础上，运用系统等方法诊断了中国上市公司治理结构的主要症结，提出了进一步完善中国上市公司治理结构的基本思路。     

山东省入境旅游市场结构与竞争态势研究

为了对山东省入境旅游市场有客观全面的把握,本文对山东省入境旅游的年际变化、市场结构以及竞争态势进行分析,通过综合分析,认为山东省入境旅游发展潜力巨大。在分析的基础上,对山东省入境旅游的市场开拓提出一些政策性建议。     

Innovation and Merger Decisions in the Pharmaceutical Industry

There is increasing public policy concern about the potentialeffects of mergers on innovation. This paper provides acomparative analysis of approaches to innovational competitiontaken by the E.U. and U.S. merger authorities in a sample of threerecent, major, pharmaceutical mergers. The European Commission'sapproach appears lighter handed and places more explicit emphasison effects in downstream markets. The uncertainties in the analysisof dynamic effects of mergers on innovation, even in pharmaceuticals,suggest the need for a cautious approach and for careful framingof any merger remedies where R & D projects and components, ratherthan approved drugs, are involved.     

长江三角洲地区的产业同构及产业定位

本研究从产业经济和市场体制方面多角度地分析了长江三角洲各次区域之间产业同构产生的原因 ,认为长江三角洲区域内部的产业同构有其必然性。过分夸大这一问题所带来的负面效应不是一种科学的态度。我们需要重视的是由产业同构所反映出来的制度问题 ,即市场机制的不完善问题。而这正是长三角区域经济一体化的意义所在。进而以浙江为例 ,认为必须从长三角正在形成的广域产业集聚和上海建设“四个中心”的客观现实出发 ,在长三角次区域实行“趋同”的产业发展定位 ,进而和长三角区域经济一体化形成互动格局     

论中央能源企业的产融结合之路

当前,很多大型中央能源企业已经广泛投资于金融产业,社会各界对此存在不同看法,有的赞成,有的反对.通过对我国中央能源企业发展金融产业的政策环境分析,归纳了主要中央能源企业开展金融产业的有关情况,结合现代企业产融结合的实践,提出了中央能源企业产融结合的思路和相关建议.     

加快建设资源节约型社会促进经济增长方式转变

我国正处于建设资源节约型社会的关键阶段,由于受资源和环境的双重约束,必须要以节约资源利用总量和提高资源利用效率为手段,通过调整产业结构、技术创新、建立健全相关政策等促进经济增长方式的转变,构建节约型的产业结构、城市化模式和消费模式,着力完善能够反映资源稀缺程度、供求关系和环境破坏程度的外部成本价格机制,推动促进建设资源节约型社会的财政、税收政策和能源法规的制定和出台。     

The third-generation-mobile (3G) policy and deployment in China: Current status, challenges, and prospects

Since the inception of telecom reform in 1994, structural reform has been a main thread surrounding the course of the development of China's telecommunications industry. In structuring the 2008 reform and the 2009 3G rollout China's government adopted a relatively balanced approach in the hope of creating level-playing-field in 3G era. Nevertheless, due to the presence of substantial switching costs, substitution effects from the present technology mode, that is, 2.5G, the absence of killer applications, among other technological and institutional factors, China may not have a realistic 3G era before moving toward 4G and beyond. At the bare minimum, currently there is a lacking of either adequate technological-push or demand-pull for a full-scale 3G commercialization—there is no sign that this situation will change in the near term. Triggered by recent initiatives of market convergence between the telecommunications, Internet, and cable, a renewed circle of market, and regulatory reform is probably necessary to cast a sounder industry basis for a timing migration toward the next-generation-networks (NGNs). The timing migration toward 4G (and beyond) may provide a chance for a late-mover nation like China to leapfrog its western counterparts in leading the industry in the era of NGNs. To this end, China is confronted with a challenge in re-examining its industry policy as well as technological strategies for a sustainable development in the era of NGNs. This study offers heuristic analysis and insights on the above issues based on archival documents and interviews. While implications are suggested for China's circumstances, the Chinese experiences may also be considered by other countries and investors when it comes to 3G (and beyond) policies, regulations, deployments, and evolutions.     

产业结构、对外贸易与碳排放——基于长三角地区41个地级市的实证分析

本文选取长江三角洲41个地级市作为研究对象,基于近20年的面板数据,将产业结构、对外贸易和碳排放结合在一起,分析长三角地区碳排放空间特征,采用空间邻接权重矩阵、地理距离矩阵和经济距离矩阵结合空间杜宾模型探究产业结构、对外贸易与碳排放的联系。研究发现:(1)长三角地区碳排放量存在显著的正空间相关性;(2)从直接效应来看,产业结构高级化和产业结构合理化会抑制本地区碳排放量的增长,但会增加邻近地区的碳排放量;(3)对外开放水平的提高会增加本地区和邻近地区的碳排放量。     

Objectives, topics and methods in industrial organization during the nineties: Results from a survey

We conducted a survey among 114 experts on industrial organization regarding their opinions on the way markets work, on the proper role of competition and industrial policy, and on the methods which should be used to analyse industrial markets. The experts assessed the importance of research topics and methods during the last year and their probable development in the future. The sample appears to provide a valid representation of European experts, the response pattern does not seem to depend on the personal characteristics of the respondents.