Educational Attainment and Regional Economic Performance in Mexico

A growing number of studies confirm the importance of educational attainment and human capital investment as a means for improving per capita income performance. In developing countries, attention to this linkage has primarily been carried out using national data aggregates. For relatively large countries such as Mexico, it is helpful to conduct similar analyses that document regional market income patterns. This paper utilizes 2000 census data for all 31 states and the Federal District in Mexico City to quantify regional income performance. Similar to other studies conducted using regional data in higher income economies, results confirm strong links between education and incomes across Mexico.     

Labor Force Participation and Educational Attainment in the United States

The objectives of this paper are twofold. Aggregate labor force participation rates in the United States are described focusing on educational attainment. A model is developed for decomposing aggregate labor force participation rates for men and women from 1994 to 2014 from a unique perspective by focusing on changes in educational attainment and on changes in the labor force behavior. The findings presented here indicate that men’s aggregate labor force participation rates declined during the 20-year period at all levels of educational attainment, due primarily to changes in population shares. A different picture emerges regarding women. For women with high school or some college or associate degree, it was changes in labor force behavior that dominated changing aggregate labor force participation rates. For women with the lowest and highest levels of educational attainment, less than high school or at least a baccalaureate degree, it was changes in their population shares that drove changes in aggregate labor force participation rates.     

教育均衡与中国区域间收入分配

本文利用受教育年限、人力资本及个人收入之间的关系,对省区间教育均衡性进行研究,分析教育均衡对个人收入影响的相关关系,结论表明:我国各省区间教育差距与人力资本存量呈负相关关系,但受教育总体水平有向均衡发展的趋势。以此,政府应加大对落后地区的投入,提高这类地区的人力资本存量,以促进各地区教育的均衡发展、缩小区域间的收入差距。     

Gender Empowerment and Educational Attainment of US Immigrants and Their Home-Country Counterparts

This paper examines the educational self-selection of immigrants to the United States across forty-two countries of origin and analyzes determinants of selectivity, including home-country gender status (as measured by the United Nations’ Gender Empowerment Measure [GEM]). Measuring educational self-selection, the study uses data from the 2006 American Community Survey and the 2000 and 2014 Barro–Lee Educational Attainment Measure to construct the Net Difference Index between immigrants and nonmigrants. It compares the educational attainment difference between immigrants and nonmigrants who remain in the home country and demonstrates that immigrants to the US are more educated than their home-country counterparts across all immigrant groups (positive selection). Regression results further indicate that higher gender inequality in the home country influences more highly educated women to migrate. The paper also confirms that higher migration costs and lower income inequality in the home country influence more highly educated individuals to migrate.     

International Inequality and Convergence in Educational Attainment, 1960–1990

The paper examines the international inequality and convergence of educational attainment from 1960 to 1990. Despite the increasing trend in educational attainment, the gap in educational attainment between the developing countries and developed countries and that between males and females increased in the period. However, the relative dispersion of educational attainment—as measured by the coefficient of variation, the Gini coefficient, or the standard deviation of log average years of schooling—declined consistently during the period by either development or gender status. Decompositions of the Gini coefficient indicate that the development gap and the gender gap were the main components for world inequality in educational attainment in both 1960 and 1990. Educational attainment exhibited b - and s -convergence over the period.     

Equilibrium in Sealed High Bid Auctions

There is a voluminous theoretical literature on sealed high-bid auctions (auctions in which bids are sealed and the high bidder pays his bid). See for example, Vickery (1961), Myerson (1981), riley and Samuelson (1981), Milgrom and Weber (1982), Mathews (1983), Maskin and Riley (1984), Holt(1980) Cox, Smith and Walker (1988). A critical property on which this literature relies is the existence of equilibrium in which buyers' bidding strategies are monotonic in their types. This enables the analyst to perform comparative statics as the distribution of types changes, and to compare the welfare properties of the high-bid auction with those of other auction institutions.     

Educational Attainment and the Gender Wage Gap: A Comparison of Young Men and Women in 1984 and 2007

This study pools data from two sources to investigate the role of educational attainment in determining the gender wage gap. The empirical analysis reveals that the returns to education remained largely unchanged for young men but declined significantly for young women over the period 1984–2007. We find significant evidence of a decline in the returns to a Bachelor's degree for young women as well as evidence of increasing wage inequality over time among young men and women with a Bachelor's degree. Also, in 2007, the gender wage gap between young men and women was largest for those with a Bachelor's degree. Further, our analysis suggests that young women with a college education may confront more discrimination in the labor market than young women without a college education. We conclude that promoting educational attainment among young women may be a necessary but not sufficient condition for addressing the gender wage gap.     

高校网络教育的成本、市场均衡及质量——一个经济学的分析视角

经济学中对于成本的研究,尤其是成本曲线和成本函数的研究,是市场均衡研究的最基础性工作.本文将高校的网络教育纳入到纯私人产品的范畴,并将Cobb-Douglas产出技术应用到网络教育机构的成本,并通过一系列假设构建了网络教育服务市场的竞争模型,分析了存在、不存在第三方分成及两种模式下的竞争均衡与相应的质量问题.本文最后认为,我国网络教育市场发展尚处于起步阶段,自发的市场调节对于质量改进是无效性的.引入网络教育质量标准和实行行业评估制度将有助于改善这一状况.     

基于短期局部均衡的民间金融高利率解释

笔者引入正规金融机构贷款隐性成本概念,说明民间金融利率不仅需要参考正规金融机构贷款利率,还要包含借款人享受正规金融利率所需付出的隐性成本,进而构建局部均衡模型,说明隐性成本是民间金融高利率的重要原因,并提出有效降低隐性成本的建议。     

Discriminatory Price Auctions in Electricity Markets: Low Volatility at the Expense of High Price Levels

A pay-as-offered or discriminatory price auction (DPA) has been proposed to solve the problem of inflated and volatile wholesale electricity prices. Using the experimental method we compare the DPA with a uniform price auction (UPA), strictly controlling for unilateral market power. We find that a DPA indeed substantially reduces price volatility. However, in a no market power design, prices in a DPA converge to the high prices of a uniform price auction with structural market power. That is, the DPA in a no market power environment is as anti-competitive as a UPA with structurally introduced market power.     

Equilibrium valuation of illiquid assets

Summary. We develop an equilibrium model of illiquid asset valuation based on search and matching. We propose several measures of illiquidity and show how these measures behave. We also show that the equilibrium amount of search may be less than, equal to or greater than the amount of search that is socially optimal. Finally, we show that excess returns on illiquid assets are fair games if returns are defined to include the appropriate shadow prices. Received: June 25, 2000; revised version: October 24, 2000     

公司治理的均衡分析

治理公司的目的在于实现治理收益的最大化。笔者结合对内、外治理机制的分析,提供一个关于公司治理收益最大化的均衡模型,并指出实现这一收益最大化的可能途径。通过对国际上有代表性的公司治理模式及其运营效率的比较,以及对日本和德国公司治理最新动向的考察,我们认为,公司外部治理及其机制非常重要。     

趋于隐蔽的再生产——从职业地位获得看阶层结构的生成机制

如果说再分配体制下国家政策和制度安排对社会分层的刚性作用意味着阶层结构的某种程度的再生产的话,那么,这种再生产特征是否因为市场机制的引入而消解了呢？通过对职业地位获得过程的经验研究,我们发现,自致因素在职业地位获得过程中的作用被加强,但家庭背景因素通过所谓的自致因素的作用来影响人们的职业地位获得。如果将职业地位作为社会经济地位的近似度量的话,家庭背景对人们职业地位获得的潜在影响则提醒我们趋于隐蔽的阶层结构的再生特性的存在。     

The Non-Robustness of the Nash-Stackelberg-Hybrid Equilibrium

In a simple, standard sequential search model, the Nash-Stackelberg-Hybrid equilibrium is shown, in general, to be non-robust when the assumption that all firms are constrained to operate one outlet is dropped. Unless the firms are constrained from increasing the number of outlets or the price, they will open additional outlets to increase their market power. In a standard duopoly model an equilibrium featuring both firms operating multiple outlets is shown to exist.     

General Equilibrium Tragedy of the Commons

Many poor economies depend on open access resources for their livelihoods. Households in resource-based economies allocate their time and other factors between resource extraction and other activities. As a result, factors may shift from one sector to another as marginal returns change. This has two important implications. First, it implies potentially strong linkages between resource and non-resource sectors. Second, it means that unmanaged resources cause inefficient allocations of inputs across all sectors, and the effects of resource management spill into other sectors. We construct a local general equilibrium model that accounts for inputs that over-allocate to an open access resource and create a general equilibrium tragedy of the commons. This model describes resource rent dissipation more adequately in economies with mobile factors than a model with slowly dissipating rents. Perfectly mobile factors dissipate rent in every period, but endogenous wages cause labor and capital allocations to change with the resource stock. We use the model to illustrate medium-run impacts of a limit on capital in an artisanal fishery in Honduras. Simulation results reveal that fishery management has economy-wide impacts on prices and wages. Managers in developing countries thus should consider these linkages when implementing policies to conserve fish stocks.     

Testing Equilibrium Models of Regional Disparities

The large and persistent regional disparities of most European economies have been explained as a disequilibrium phenomenon; convergence between backward and successful regions is slow because the equilibrating forces are weak. Recently, two models have emerged where regional disparities are seen as an equilibrium phenomenon; the amenity model, which assumes that high unemployment and low wages reflect favourable living conditions, and the matching model, which views high unemployment as the result of labour market congestion in declining regions. The paper derives some key empirical implications of the models and examines whether the regional pattern of migration, unemployment and wages in Norway conforms with these implications. The results are supportive of the matching model but not of the amenity model.     

Diagrammatic Demonstration of the Cournot Equilibrium

This note further develops Ikema's (1990, 1991) diagrammatic demonstrati on of the Cournot-oligopoly equilibrium on the price- quantity plane. It is shown that Ikema's method can be used to illustrate the Stackelberg and Bertrand equilibria on the price- quantity plane. Furthermore, we algebraically derive the ``monopoly- equilibrium' curve and show that the Cournot- oligopoly equilibrium is stable if the monopoly-equilibrium curves for all producers are upward sloping.     

An Example of Nonexistence of Three-Community Equilibrium

In this paper I provide an example of sorting equilibrium nonexistence in a three‐community model of the type introduced in Caplin and Nalebuff (1997; Journal of Economic Theory 72, 306–342). With two communities, such an example has been shown to exist only when the dimension of the policy space is even. It turns out, however, that with three communities existence may fail regardless of whether the policy space dimension is odd or even. This suggests that the original odd/even dichotomy can, at least in part, be explained by the evenness of the number of communities.