基于面板数据的中国菲利普斯曲线再估计

本文阐释了产出缺口对通货膨胀影响的经济学机理,说明了中国时间序列菲利普斯曲线不存在的经济背景、模型设定和统计数据原因,提出利用省级面板数据对中国菲利普斯曲线进行再估计。1978—2006年的实证研究表明,基于面板数据的菲利普斯曲线是成立的：产出缺口对通货膨胀的线性影响显著,自发性通货膨胀率为2．8％,上期通货膨胀对本期的影响系数为0．44,产出缺口对通货膨胀影响的弹性系数为0．18。     

全球化、全球产出缺口与国内的通货变动

本文运用开放条件下的菲利普斯曲线模型对美国、日本、欧元区和中国四个样本国家进行实证检验,考察了全球化下国内通货变动的影响因素,探讨了全球化对国内通货变动的影响渠道。结果发现,全球产出缺口假说在各国基本成立。工业化国家全球产出缺口对国内通货变动的影响程度明显高于中国,原油和食品等初级产品的价格对国内物价的影响也更为显著。对待全球化背景下中国的通货变动,不仅要分析国内宏观经济均衡与波动周期,更要关注国际市场的外部冲击。国内政策工具的使用要根据国内国际经济周期的变化准确把握时机和力度,同时还要加强与其他国家的经济合作与政策协调。     

中国菲利普斯曲线的动态性与通货膨胀率预期的轨迹:基于状态空间区制转移模型的研究

上个世纪90年代以来,中国经济增长波动与价格水平波动之间存在非常相近的共同变化趋势。本文以菲利普斯曲线和奥肯定律为理论依据,采用具有区制转移的状态空间模型对经济增长率和通货膨胀率之间的关系进行了经验分析。我们首先估计出了预期通货膨胀率和潜在经济增长率,然后依据通货膨胀预期误差和产出缺口的关系来描述中国菲利普斯曲线的动态特征。本文发现中国“产出-价格”关系具有长期菲利普斯曲线的性质,经济增长率体现出高波动区制和低波动区制,通货膨胀预期也表现出两种不同的适应性预期形态。     

外国产出波动、通货膨胀与中国菲利普斯曲线的平坦化

根据全球通胀假说,随着经济开放度下降,外国经济对本国通胀的影响逐渐让位于本国经济,这一假说与中国的“双循环”发展格局密切相关。本文首先采用时变参数向量自回归模型间接分析中国的菲利普斯曲线。结果表明,外国产出冲击对本国通胀有正向影响,但这种影响在2010年后弱化,近年来外国产出与本国通胀出现“脱钩”迹象。反事实分析表明,紧缩性货币政策和输入型通胀不足以解释中国通胀的弱周期性。为解释经验发现,本文构建了一个中等规模的开放经济模型。数值分析表明,本国通胀对外国产出的周期敏感性随着贸易开放度下降而弱化,但本国通胀对本国产出的周期敏感性不会因贸易开放度下降而显著改变。     

我国产出缺口与通胀菲利普斯曲线形态的研究——基于LSTVAR模型的实证分析

菲利普斯曲线通过把通货膨胀与经济增长结合起来而成为了宏观经济研究的基石。考虑到两者之间的关系可能存在非线性以及经济系统的反馈性,本文基于季度数据首次建立了我国1995-2009年间两者之间的平滑转换向量自回归模型,结果表明两者之间具有显著的非线性,并且非线性转换由逻辑函数刻画,转换变量为滞后二期通胀率。广义脉冲响应分析表明样本期内我国经济系统的冲击主要来自总需求方面,且现阶段的菲利普斯曲线是凹的。     

分析中国菲利普斯曲线——基于自适应预期模型

本文从自适应预期模型的方法研究中国菲利普斯曲线。文中假设社会经济主体对失业率和通货膨胀率的预期是非完全理性的,对失业率和通货膨胀率的预期的形成符合自适应过程,即预期失业率等于上一期预期失业率与上一期预测偏差的加权平均数。由于中国数据的收集渠道限制,以城镇登记失业率代替失业率,以CPI增长率代表通货膨胀率。假设通货膨胀率受到预期经济景气程度的影响,而预期失业率是预期预期经济景气程度的反映,因此通货膨胀率受到预期失业率的影响。通过自适应预期模型的方法估计出预期失业率对于通货膨胀率的影响程度大小,用工具变量法缓解了滞后期的多重共线性问题,估计出了预期失业率对通胀率的影响。证明了附加预期的菲利普斯曲线在城乡二元经济而且市场经济尚未成熟的中国是存在的,证实中国的劳动力市场已经基本由市场来调配资源。     

菲利普斯曲线论争与启示

菲利普斯曲线是凯恩斯主义宏观经济政策主张的重要分析工具,也是西方经济学流派论争的焦点,构成了西方宏观经济理论发展的一条重要脉络.菲利普斯曲线理论发展一定程度上反映了西方发达国家经济发展的现实.同时,也反映了西方各经济学流派对宏观经济理论研究的前提假设和分析视角的差别.     

基于菲利普斯曲线对通货膨胀的分析

著名的菲利普斯曲线旨在证明失业率与通货膨胀存在反比关系,即容忍适当的通货膨胀有助降低失业率。埃德蒙·费尔普斯对此提出质疑并提出了修正过的菲利普斯曲线,降低失业率的代价并非一次性的通胀率提升那么简单。通过对工资和物价的基本决定因素的分析,费尔普斯提出了附加适应性预期的菲利普斯曲线,认为通胀不仅取决于失业状况,还与通胀预期密切相关。     

中国菲利普斯曲线的理论分析和实证研究

菲利普斯曲线是分析失业与通货膨胀变动关系的一个强有力工具 ,并可以勾勒出经济运行态势。但是 ,由于经济活动影响因素的复杂性及其组合在各国之间的差异 ,特别是我国的特殊国情及正处于经济转轨这一特殊的发展时期 ,传统的菲利普斯曲线及其理论无法直接拟合我国菲利普斯曲线     

菲利普斯曲线的演变发展及其在中国的适用性分析

传统的菲利普斯曲线经过费尔普斯修正后,开始不断拓展并对西方国家宏观经济发挥重要的指导作用。本文从AD-AS模型角度对1999年以来菲利普斯曲线在中国的适用性进行分析,结果表明我国由于宏观经济运行还不完全具备菲利普斯曲线的前提条件,即使我国经历了20年的改革开放发展,市场化程度不断提高,该理论仍不适用于中国;故不能简单套用主流菲利普斯曲线的结论来权衡政策目标和制定经济政策,而只能从我国国情出发,探索和发展适合自己的宏观经济管理模式。     

Learning and Estimation of the New Keynesian Phillips Curve Models

The extant literature is split on the best measure of marginal cost in the New Keynesian Philips Curve, with the output gap and the labor share being the most commonly advocated proxy measures. Which one is the best measure? In this article, I assume that agents update their understanding and expectation period by period, a learning process. In terms of econometrics, I use a recursive Vector Autoregression approach and conduct a forecasting exercise that considers updating of information sets used for formation of expectation. I find that the traditional output gap measure is a more significant variable explaining the dynamics of the U.S. inflation rate, as compared with a measure of the labor income share. Furthermore, the role of the output gap cannot be replaced using lagged values of inflation. Instead, both the output gap and lags of the actual inflation rate are important determinants of inflation.     

Estimation of Hybrid Phillips Curve: A Source of Conflicting Empirical Results

Recent empirical studies of the hybrid Phillips curve draw conflicting conclusions about the relative role of forward‐looking behavior and the role of marginal cost as the driving force. It is difficult to identify the source of the conflicting results in past studies because of differences in the measure of inflation, the estimation equation, and the instrumental variables. This article presents evidence that a source of the conflict is the use of suboptimal sets of instruments. When the optimum set of instruments is selected by using the L₂‐boosting method from the principal components of a large number of valid instruments, all conflicting conclusions in previous studies vanish. Regardless of the choice of inflation measure and estimation equation, we identify the dominant role of forward‐looking behavior and a significant effect of the real marginal cost on inflation.     

European Inflation and the New Keynesian Phillips Curve

The majority of macroeconomists who have studied inflation dynamics in Europe argue that the New Keynesian Phillips Curve (NKPC) provides a good way to describe changes in the price level from the 1970 on. However the vast majority of these articles estimate the NKPC using the labor income share as the proxy for real marginal cost. This article argues that the labor share cannot serve as a proxy for real marginal cost because of its countercyclicality and the lack of labor adjustment costs. Once we account for labor adjustment costs, we are able to derive a new marginal cost proxy that is indeed procyclical; however, we find that the NKPC fails to produce coefficients consistent with its underlying structural parameters when a procyclical marginal cost proxy is used. This casts serious doubt whether the NKPC is empirically applicable to Europe or, for that matter, any other country.     

Estimating the Output Gap in a Changing Economy

Univariate filters used in output gap estimation are subject to criticism as being purely statistical and having no economic content. The information content of the output gap measures estimated by standard multivariate filtering techniques, on the other hand, can be distorted because of the possibly unrealistic restriction that system parameters stay constant over time. In this study, we seek to address these shortcomings by proposing an output gap estimation method that takes into account changing economic relations. We employ a nonlinear time series framework along with the extended Kalman filter, in which economic content is used by inflation and output gap dynamics and the parameters are allowed to be time varying. We use the Turkish economy as a laboratory to show that our method provides useful results, both in terms of the properties of output gap estimates and for the assessment of change in macroeconomic dynamics.     

Estimates of the Open Economy New Keynesian Phillips Curve for Euro Area Countries

This paper extends the existing literature on the open economy New Keynesian Phillips Curve by incorporating three different factors of production, domestic labor and imported as well as domestically produced intermediate goods, into a general model which nests existing closed economy and open economy models. The model is estimated for nine euro area countries and the euro area aggregate. We find that the general specification of our model improves the fit of the New Keynesian Phillips Curve considerably compared to the closed economy specification. The estimates of the structural parameters of the model suggest strong heterogeneity in the degree of price rigidity across euro area counties. Furthermore, we find the degree of price rigidity to be systematically lower in the open economy specification than in the closed economy specification and also lower than in the general specification of our model.

Monetary and Fiscal Policy Interaction in the Euro Area with Different Assumptions on the Phillips Curve

In this paper we apply a static version of a New Keynesian macromodel to a monetary union (see Bofinger et al., J Econ Educ, 37:98–117 (2006), Walsh, J Econ Educ, 33:333–346 (2002)). We show in particular that a harmonious functioning of a monetary union critically depends on the correlation of shocks that hit the currency area. Additionally a high degree of integration in product markets is advantageous for the ECB as it prevents national interest rates from driving a wedge between macroeconomic outcomes across member states. In particular small countries are in need for fiscal policy as an independent stabilization agent with room to breath.

论中国可接受的产出缺口区间与宏观经济走势

2008年中国经济增长步伐明显放缓,中国经济已步入收缩期。在全球金融动荡的背景下,分析中国当前的宏观经济形势与近期走势、及时调整经济政策具有重要的现实意义。文章构建状态空间模型进行Kalman滤波,估算我国1978—2008年的潜在产出与产出缺口,分析我国经济长期增长趋势、可接受的产出缺口区间与可接受的经济增长区间,据此对2009年经济走势进行预测并提出相应的政策建议。     

从显性比较优势看中国后发优势

作者根据改革开放以来我国出口商品结构和数量变化的历史现实,分析了比较优势在中国的适用情况。本文通过对显性比较优势的阐述来引入中国实际总出口方程,重点分析了劳动力比较优势对我国出口贸易的影响。在此基础之上,本文论证了在比较优势的基础上建立后发优势的观点。     

中国审计市场:产业组织视角的分析

本文利用产业组织学的相关理论与方法,探讨了我国审计市场的市场结构、市场行为与市场绩效三个基本范畴,针对我国审计市场产业组织存在的现有问题,提出了相应的产业组织政策建议。