劳动力供给、生产率与外商直接投资工资外溢效应

本文利用中国1999-2007年441个四位码工业行业数据,考察外商直接投资在产业内部和产业之间,通过直接影响劳动力市场供给方式和间接生产率外溢方式对中国内资行业的工资外溢效应。研究结果表明:(1)外商直接投资(FDI)通过直接和间接方式对中国内资行业工资在产业内部和产业之间都产生了显著的正向外溢效应;(2)国有行业比重提高会显著促进FDI通过劳动力供给方式对内资行业产生工资外溢效应,但同样会显著阻碍FDI通过间接的生产率外溢方式对内资行业产生工资外溢效应;(3)FDI对内资劳动密集型行业的工资外溢效应显著高于资本密集型行业,FDI进入显著缩小了中国不同劳动生产率工业部门的工资收入差距。     

外商直接投资对东道国国内投资的“挤入”与“挤出”效应——来自中国数据的经验证据

本文根据中国1979-2009年的数据,对FDI与中国国内投资之间的关系进行了分析。研究结果表明,FDI与国内投资之间存在着长期稳定的均衡关系;从长期来看,FDI对于国内投资具有一定的挤出效应;而在短期内,FDI对国内投资具有较强的挤入效应,国内投资对FDI也具有较强的挤入效应。     

Does Outbound Foreign Direct Investment Crowd Out Domestic Investment in China? Evidence from Time Series Analysis

China’s rising outbound foreign direct investment (ODI) has raised concerns as to whether it substitutes or complements domestic investment (DI). We demonstrated specification weaknesses in the previous studies and present fresh evidence on ODI–DI nexus for China. Utilizing ARDL approach for time series macroeconomic data, the study detects long-run negative one-way causality running from ODI to DI. The results provide robust evidence supporting the view that Chinese outbound foreign direct investment crowds out DI in the long run.     

The Effects of Outward Foreign Direct Investment on Fixed-Capital Formation at Home: The Roles of Host Location and Industry Characteristics

Abstract

This paper pursues the idea that the relationship between foreign and domestic investments may be not as uniform as many studies suggest. By examining the case of Taiwanese outward foreign direct investment (OFDI), this paper is marked out from existing studies in the following three respects. First, it examines the extent to which the relationship between OFDI and domestic investment varies with the location of investment. Second, this research allows the results to vary between Heckscher–Ohlin (H–O) industries and Schumpeter industries. Finally, its breakdown of data will reveal sub-relationships in the data that up to now have remained hidden within the aggregate relationships reported in most studies. This study suggests that OFDI in China has a positive impact on domestic investment in H–O industries, while OFDI in other countries (OFDIO) has a negative impact on domestic investment in the same industries. These findings are in marked contrast to Schumpeter industries where a positive effect is observed only for OFDIO. Our findings also suggest that the Taiwanese government should design policies to adjust the level of liberalisation for overseas investment through legislation on an industry-by-industry basis in order that OFDI stimulates domestic investment in relevant industries more effectively.     

FDI对我国国内投资的挤入挤出效应:地区差异及动态特征

本文检验了FDI对我国国内投资的影响,实证结果表明FDI对我国国内投资的影响整体上为中性。分地区来看,FDI对我国东部地区和中部地区的国内投资不存在显著的挤入挤出效应,但对西部地区的国内投资存在显著的挤出效应。此外,无论是在全国还是在东、中、西地区、FDI对国内投资的挤出效应均呈现下降趋势,这表明在和外资企业的竞争中国内企业的竞争力相对逐渐增强。     

The Determinants of Foreign Direct Investment in Malaysia: A Revisit

Abstract

The paper re-examines the determinants of foreign direct investment (FDI) in Malaysia, for the period 1970–2006. The cointegration results show that market size of both Malaysia and China have major, and a statistically significant impact, on FDI inflow to Malaysia. The results seem to support the argument that foreign investors tend to be more attracted to the country with a higher growth rate of gross domestic product (GDP) because it indicates a larger potential demand for their products. In addition, the results also demonstrate that openness level of the country has a positive and statistically significant effect on FDI inflow, which supports the hypothesis that FDI can be attracted to a country with more liberalized economic reforms. Finally, the results show that literacy rate (human capital development) has significant positive effect on FDI inflow. The finding suggests the need for labor force expansion and education policy to raise the stock of human capital in the country. Using Granger causality test, we also find that there exist unidirectional causality from real GDP of both Malaysia and China, degree of openness and literacy rate to FDI inflow.     

国际投资保护对我国企业对外直接投资的影响——基于海外子公司视角的实证研究

在逆全球化态势下,以限制外资为动机的国际投资保护在全球范围内蔓延,影响了跨国投资的可持续发展。文章基于海外子公司视角考察国际投资保护对我国企业对外直接投资的影响,通过匹配国泰安《海外直接投资数据库》和OECD《外资限制指数》数据库开展微观层面的实证研究,得出以下结论：①国际投资保护在总体上不仅降低了我国对外直接投资企业海外子公司的经营效益,还降低了母公司对海外子公司的持股比例;②国际投资保护对海外子公司的不利影响具有异质性,发达国家国际投资保护的不利影响大于发展中国家,国有企业海外子公司因国际投资保护遭受的不利影响更大;③国际投资保护会通过削弱海外子公司从东道国技术溢出中获取的收益而产生间接不利影响;④母公司拥有更多海外背景高管和对东道国的文化输出分别是调节国际投资保护对海外子公司负面影响的微观和宏观因素。文章的研究意味着国际投资保护会危害我国对外直接投资企业海外子公司的正常经营,因而应对国际投资保护是实现我国对外直接投资可持续发展的迫切需要。     

Promoting of Investment in Africa*

Abstract: This paper examines the trend, constraints, promotion, and prospects of investment – domestic investment, foreign direct investment, and private portfolio investment – in Africa. After identifying the importance of investment in Africa's economic development, it was shown that all forms of investment are low in Africa and hence inadequate for the attainment of the MDGs and poverty reduction in the continent. The constraining factors include: low resources mobilization; high degree of uncertainty; poor governance, corruption, and low human capital development; unfavorable regulatory environment and poor infrastructure, small individual country sizes; high dependence on primary commodities exports and increased competition; poor image abroad; shortage of foreign exchange and the burden of huge domestic and external debt; and undeveloped capital markets, their high volatility, and home bias by foreign investors. The paper recommends that successful promotion of both domestic, foreign direct and portfolio investment in Africa will require actions and measures at the national, regional, and international levels. It concludes that the prospects are bright. New and attractive investment opportunities are emerging in infrastructure, particularly as most African countries now encourage public/private partnerships for investments in this sector. In addition to privatization, renewed interest within Africa in undertaking regionally based projects and joint exploitation of natural resources is creating other investment opportunities. Apart from the fact that investment in Africa yields the highest returns, investment risk in the continent is declining. In addition, much progress has been made in recent years to improve the investment climate in Africa. All this is of course is not to deny that obstacles do remain hence economic reforms to enhance domestic investment would need to be complemented by measures to attract increased foreign capital. Critical in such endeavors must be efforts to improve governance in some countries as well as to eliminate socio‐political violence in others and development of domestic capital markets, while government institutions must be modernized and upgraded.     

不同类型对外投资的经济及金融风险分析

文章针对不同类型对外投资对新兴市场经济体经济金融风险的影响展开系统研究。实证分析结果支持理论模型的推论,对外直接投资及非FDI投资的流出会引致国内金融不稳定程度的显著上升;对外直接投资会导致国内实体经济的不稳定,且随着一国金融发展程度的提高,其边际影响会随之上升,但增加外汇储备在广义货币中的占比会降低国内实体经济的风险;若对外非FDI的投资收益出现大幅亏损,实体经济增长就会出现波动。理论模型的推论进一步提示,无论源自投资母国还是对象国的数量型对外直接投资资本管制,都非但不能消除或减轻金融和实体经济的不稳定程度,而且会增加发生危机的可能性。     

Spatial Spillovers from Foreign Direct Investment: Evidence from the Yangtze River Delta in China

This paper examines the spatial externality from foreign direct investment on domestic firms. Using Chinese firm‐level data for 2004, and after accounting for an endogeneity problem, we find that foreign firms generate a significantly positive spillover effect on the regional productivity of domestic firms in similar counties and industries. Estimating a spatial‐autoregressive model, we further show that such local spillovers could transmit to domestic firms in other counties and industries through interactions among domestic firms. However, these spatial multiplier effects decline with distance, thereby reducing the foreign direct investment spillover effects for domestic firms in distant locations.     

Does Foreign Direct Investment Matter to Domestic Entrepreneurship? The Mediating Role of Strategic Alliances

ABSTRACT

This study investigates the impact of foreign direct investment (FDI) on domestic entrepreneurship in a host country by analysing a unique panel dataset of FDI and startup rates in Korean industries. It finds that FDI with a time lag has a positive effect on the startup rate, implying that inward FDI promotes domestic entrepreneurship. It shows that the strategic alliances moderate the relationship between FDI and the startup rate, depending upon the types of FDI and alliances. Both intra- and inter-industry alliances enhance the positive effect of foreign greenfield investment, while inter-industry alliances mitigate the effect of foreign acquisition.     

Dynamic Linkages between FDI Inflows and Domestic Investment: A Panel Cointegration Approach

This paper analyzes the dynamic relationship between FDI inflows and domestic investment for a panel of selected countries by means of panel cointegration and causality techniques. Specifically, the paper provides empirical evidence regarding the existence of possible crowding in or crowding out effects between FDI inflows and domestic investment, accounting for the location and the level of development of the host countries.The paper was presented at the International Atlantic Economic Conference in London, March 9–13, 2005. The authors wish to thank the participants of the Macroeconomic Topics session for their valuable comments on an earlier draft. We would also like to express our gratitude to G. Chortareas and G. Konteos for helpful comments and suggestions. Nevertheless, the usual disclaimer applies.     

中亚五国的贸易分布、对外投资与贸易政策

丝绸之路经济带建设充分说明了我国与中亚五国合作的重要意义。本文通过对中亚五国的贸易分布、对外投资与贸易政策的分析发现,中亚五国的主要贸易伙伴是中国和俄罗斯;其外国直接投资表现为净流入;其贸易政策的本质是以贸易优惠吸引外资流入。为此,我国今后在与中亚五国经贸合作中器重视其贸易政策的本质。     

可持续发展阶段政府指导外商直接投资作用浅析

在可持续发展阶段，不同于以往的控制、主导作用，政府相机发挥作用的功能应以政府指导的形式表现出来。在吸引外商直接投资领域，政府指导作用的有效性表现在：用优惠政策的整体布局形成外商投资动力、保证国内企业得到有利的技术外溢条件、创造国内企业规模扩大和提高竞争力的条件。政府应通过激励和约束，指导外商直接投资实现整体协调、投资方向高度化、现代化、投资形式多样化的政策目标。     

农业利用外资的制约因素及解决措施

文章首先总结了利用外资对农业发展的重要意义，然后通过近几年农业利用外资的主要方式、总体规模、项目规模、区域分布、引资项目范围、资金到位率等几个方面阐述了农业利用外资的现状，并进一步分析了形成这种状况的原因。从实际出发，针对影响农业进一步利用外资的不利因素提出落实国内配套资金、拓宽利用外资的渠道和方式、加强政府宏观调控、改善投资环境、建设龙头企业、培养相关人才等解决措施。     

The role of foreign direct investment (FDI) on domestic entrepreneurship in South Africa

ABSTRACT

This study examines the effect of foreign direct investment on domestic entrepreneurship in South Africa. With the focus on inward capital flows, the study specifically employed stock data and the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor to measure the impact. The data set analysed is for the period 2000–18, and after testing a Threshold Vector Autoregressive model, it was established that there is a short-run and long-run nonlinear relationship between foreign direct investment and domestic entrepreneurship in South Africa. The key findings of the study were that foreign direct investment has a positive short-run and long-run influence on domestic entrepreneurship. The policy recommendations are for government to create an eco-system that supports entrepreneurship through the lowering of regulatory burden on new domestic firms and enact robust sector-specific localisation policies for big corporations.     

Exporting versus Direct Investment under Local Sourcing

This paper examines a setting where foreign direct investment (FDI) shifts demand for an intermediate good from the source to the host country. A domestic and a foreign firm choose between exports or FDI, always sourcing the intermediate locally. We show that by increasing the price of the intermediate, outward FDI can act as a cost-raising strategy for a firm and that attracting FDI can raise host country welfare. Two-way FDI is the equilibrium when the countries have similar market sizes. However, such FDI reduces global welfare relative to two-way exporting since it eliminates indirect competition between suppliers. JEL no. F12, F13, F23, L13     

Measuring the Benefits and Costs of Foreign Direct Investment – With Reference to Malaysia

The effects of foreign direct investment in developing countries can be studied by using the with/without investment scenario. Many of the effects are quantifiable and can be measured using cost benefit technique. A sample of foreign projects was analysed in this paper. Important benefits of foreign direct investment to a home country are income tax payments by foreign specialists, corporate tax on the project after the tax holiday period, cheaper high quality locally manufactured import substitutes and the backward linkages to domestic industries. These positive benefits are measured using the Little-Mirrlees method, and are weighted against the negative ones, including losses suffered by the local entrepreneurs because of greater competition for labour and potential increased market concentration. The research concluded that the positive benefits of foreign direct investment are far higher than the negative ones, and similar investment should be strongly encouraged.     

福建省外商直接投资区位选择因素分析及对策建议

外商直接投资对福建省经济发展起了极为重要的作用,在吸引外商直接投资方面,福建有得天独厚的"山海侨台"优势,也有投资环境不够完善的地方,本文根据统计年鉴的相关数据,对福建省外商直接投资的区位选择进行了分析,并就如何改善福建省外商直接投资环境给出了加强完善外商投资的产业导向,改善投资软环境,加强区域经济合作等相应的政策建议。     

Foreign Investment in East Asia: A Survey

This article updates the May 1989 literature survey on foreign direct investment (FDI) in the East Asian region published in this journal. Following an overview of trends of FDI in the 1990s, it focuses on three key issues: the impact of the recent Asian economic crisis on FDI inflow relative to other forms of capital inflows; the link between FDI and trade; and technology transfer and adaptation. It is too early to discern the implications of the crisis for host-country policies and investment decisions of multinational corporations, but the indications are that FDI will continue to play a pivotal role in economic transformation, and in regional and global economic integration.