中国当前失业的成因与对策分析

中国当前的失业问题,主要是由三个因素造成的：一是产业结构的调整;二是体制改革的影响;三是技术进步的结果。造成失业的核心因素是供需双方的知识结构偏离。人力资源政策是解决失业的关键措施。     

就业风险与失业安全

随着从计划向市场的经济与社会全面转型,不同形式的就业风险在不断增大。政府和社会都在为变风险失业为安全失业做出种种努力。如何通过强调政府责任、规范失业保险、加快立法进程等途径以促进就业、缓解就业风险,是我国经济与社会发展过程中迫切需要解决的重大问题。     

Corporate Governance in Russia

This paper discusses a local, privately-run and federally-funded program for all individuals able to demonstrate their income is at, or below the poverty line. This free Certified Nursing Assistant training program enables successful participants to obtain appropriate employment in local hospitals. The program is complementary to job guarantee proposals promoted by a number of economists, and provides an example of how local job creation programs can incorporate job training to improve prospects for upward mobility.     

国外就业政策及对我国的启示

就业不仅是一个经济问题,还是一个政治问题、社会问题。尽管各国具体国情不同,但在解决失业问题上各国采取了很多相似的政策。应在对各国政策对比的基础上找出共性。笔者认为,我国解决失业问题时,应采取扩大就业总量、提高劳动者素质、加快劳动力市场建设等多方面措施。     

Do Government Purchases Affect Unemployment?

We estimate the effect of government purchases on unemployment in 20 OECD countries, for the period 1980–2007. An increase in government purchases, equal to 1 percent of GDP, is found to reduce unemployment by about 0.3 percentage points in the same year. The effect is greater and more persistent under less “employment‐friendly” labour‐market institutions, and it is greater and more persistent under a fixed exchange rate regime than under a floating regime. The effect is also greater in downturns than in booms. The effect on unemployment reflects a corresponding positive effect of increased government purchases on the employment‐to‐population rate.     

Does public‐sector employment fully crowd out private‐sector employment?

Employment matters for development because it can raise household income, lower inequality, promote economic growth, and contribute to political stability. Many countries have high rates of public employment, but what effect does this have on overall employment and unemployment rates? This paper investigates if and to what extent public‐sector employment crowds out (reduces) private‐sector employment. In particular, we estimate regressions of unemployment or private‐sector employment on two measures of public‐sector employment. The study uses an especially assembled dataset, which is novel for its coverage of a large sample of developing countries as part of a panel of rich and poor countries. Our results point to full or just about full crowding‐out for the entire sample. Unlike previous cross‐country studies, which were restricted to advanced economies, we are able to show that these results also apply to developing countries, although crowding‐out may not be quite as high as in advanced economies. The results mean that high rates of public employment have an offsetting large negative impact on private employment rates and do not reduce overall unemployment rates. With the qualifier that government activities may help the economy in other ways, our results imply that, rather than creating public‐sector jobs, scarce fiscal resources could be better spent on other developmental needs.     

浅析中国失业现状及其解决对策

近来,由于受金融危机的影响,中国的就业状况面临严峻考验.为此,应采取积极有效措施提高劳动者就业能力,转变就业观念,优化产业结构,完善社会保障制度,扩大内需,以推动就业,消减失业影响.     

我国就业与失业的科学测量和实证研究

随着计划经济转向市场经济,我国劳动力市场出现了公布的就业和失业数据与劳动力市场实际状况不相吻合的现象,这说明我国还没有建立起一套科学的就业与失业的测量标准。因此,我们要从多维度完善我国的就业和失业测量体系。我们既要学习和吸收发达市场经济国家的经验和做法,更要正视我国作为一个发展中国家的国情,深入地研究和探讨发展中国家就业和失业测量的一些特点和规律。     

Women's unemployment during transition Evidence from Czech and Slovak micro-data

We analyse women’s weekly probabilities of leaving unemployment in the Czech and Slovak Republics (CR and SR) in order to investigate three questions: 1) Why are unemployment rates much lower in the CR than the SR?; 2) Does the unemployment compensation scheme (UCS) substantially lengthen unemploy-mentspells?; and 3) Why are women’s unemployment rates higher than men’s? We find that differences in the behaviour of the individuals, employers and institutions in the SR and CR (as measured by differences in coefficients) play a larger role in determining the CR’s shorter female unemployment spells than do differences in measured demand and demographic variables. The UCS has only a moderate effect on duration and its impact is greater in the CR. The differences between men’s and women’s spells (in each republic) are explained more by differences in coefficients than by differences in observed characteristics. JEL classification: C41, H53, J23, J64, O15, P2.     

西方经济学就业理论及政策的演进

西方经济学就业理论及政策演进的轨迹是沿着古典学派的完全充分就业理论、凯恩斯学派的有效需求不足的失业理论及其需求管理政策、新古典经济学的结构性失业理论及其人力资本政策、弗里德曼的自然失业率理论及其供给管理政策、新凯恩斯主义粘性理论及其就业对策这条主线发展和演变的.这条主线反映了西方经济学就业理论及对策批判继承的关系,也反映了其就业理论与政策有很强的针对性和时效性,借鉴这些理论和对策对解决我国失业问题具有重要的意义.     

Image and Reality in Economic Development

Since the financial meltdown of 2007, unemployment has consistently been above 6.0 percent. On one level, long-term unemployment can be accounted for by structural changes. But, on another level, the problem of long-term unemployment is really no more complicated than the absence of effective demand. This study looks at the demographics of the long-term unemployed for the years 2007-2010, and compares them to the years 1991-1994 to see what changes have occurred specifically among the long-term unemployed. The data shows that, in terms of structural changes, the 1991-1994 and 2007-2010 periods were not much different. Rather, the nature of this recession resulted in an altered composition of the long-term unemployed. Because long-term unemployment in this recession is a function of a particularly deep recession, a new approach is needed. Based on the data, this study argues for a wage policy that would allow for people to increase their effective demand for goods and services.     

我国就业结构变动与技术升级研究*

本文利用一个全国代表性数据库,计算了2003—2013年间城镇劳动力市场就业结构变动情况,并从人口学视角进行了变动原因的分解分析。本文发现过去十年我国技术进步并没有带来显著的劳动参与率下降。相反,除了常规操作性工作,其他三类就业占比都在增长。增长原因既有人口结构变化带来的“结构效应”,也有需求变动带来的“倾向效应”。从绝对值看,由于目前我国常规性就业占比仍然远大于美国,这意味着如果人工智能等技术大力推进,仍然可能对我国劳动力市场带来更大冲击。因此,笔者也参照已有文献做法估计了我国就业中可能被替代的潜在数量和比例,以及未来行业间就业转换的方向。基于这些计算和讨论,本文对当前技术进步采纳及就业应对提出了若干政策建议。     

Real exchange rate and exchange rate policy in Hungary

Five real exchange rate indicators are computed to assess the international competitiveness of Hungarian industry. These indicators are explained in econometric equations by employment, unemployment, productivity, interest spread and real producer wage. Causality tests reveal that external performance has an impact on real exchange rates, and contributes to explaining real exchange rates. There is very limited scope for policy intervention to constrain the negative effects of capital inflows without incurring other costs.     

Institutional specifics and unemployment insurance eligibility in Canada: How sensitive are employment duration effects?

The paper examines the influence of unemployment insurance on the duration of employment spells in Canada using the 1988–90 Labour Market Activity Survey. The primary focus of the paper is to evaluate whether estimated UI effects are sensitive to the degree to which institutional rules and regulations governing UI eligibility and entitlement are explicitly modelled. The key result of the paper is that it is indeed important to allow for institutional detail when estimating unemployment insurance effects. Estimates using simple proxies for eligibility indicate small, often insignificant UI effects. The size and significance of the effects rise as more realistic versions of the variables are adopted. The estimates using the eligibility variables incorporating the greatest level of institutional detail suggest that a jump in the hazard rate by a factor of 2.3 may not be an unreasonable estimate of the effect.     

Urban unemployment and optimal trade policy in a cash-in-advance economy

This paper examines the welfare effects of commercial and tax/subsidy policies on a developing economy with sectoral unemployment and differential cash-in-advance constraints. The optimal tariff can be negative when the cash-in-advance requirement for buying the importable good is larger than that for the exportable good. In addition, when capital is sectorally mobile, production taxes are superior to production subsidies to the importable sector. Nevertheless, to reach the first-best optimum, a uniform wage subsidy to both sectors is required.     

Capital Inflows to Hungary in 1995–96 and the Accompanying Policy Responses

In order to analyze the composition and effects of, and the policy responses to, capital inflows to Hungary during 1995–96, we present an analytical framework that emphasizes the distinction between net capital flows to the private and public sectors (the latter includes the government and the central bank). This distinction is essential in Hungary's case, because figures for overall net inflows conceal the fact that huge net capital inflows to the private sector were accompanied by large repayments of foreign public debt, covered by significant privatization revenues. We present indicators of the domestic monetary impact of net capital inflows in order to analyze the magnitude, costs, and effects of sterilization. We note that extensive sterilization and the use of privatization revenues for public debt repayment largely explain why capital inflows to Hungary did not have significant effects on the real economy or on domestic monetary aggregates in the period reviewed.