战争与生态经济

在生态经济大系统中，战争的影响是不可低估的。它造成了人类生命的巨大牺牲，物质财富的巨大耗费，也给生态环境带来了巨大破坏。在少数国家凭借实力谋求军事优势，从而有可能引发新一轮军备竞赛的今天，我们应维护和平，反对战争，让世人关注战争对人类生存和生态经济的冲击。     

经济建设与生态伦理

经济建设是我国社会现代化建设的重要组成部分，应该看到，一方面，它使人类从自然界获得财富，为现代化建设提供了强大动力和物质基础，另一方面，它又带来了环境污染和生态破坏，使人类的生存环境 以严重的威胁，这样，就面临着建设与生态化理的冲突，要解决这种冲突，必须要改变某些陈旧的传统观念与价值取向，确立文明的生态伦理观。     

生态理念，生态管理、生态经济与小城镇建设

建设一批综合实力较强、工业化和城镇化程度较高、经济社会协调发展的新兴小城镇，是推动我国经济社会发展的必由之路。小城镇建设与生态环境密切相关。因此，我们有必要提出生态理念、生态管理、生态经济与小城镇建设的关系问题。 生态理念是指对于自然环境和包括小城镇在内的社会环境的生态保护和生态发展观念。生态理念包含着人们对于自身作用于自然环境的行为的价值反思与评判，它深刻地涉及到人类对于自身与自然环境、社会环境的相互关系。人们对于自然和社会的生态价值理念决定了人类对于自然环境与社会环境的态度，并影响着和制约着…     

宁夏石嘴山市生态经济建设探析

一、生态的破坏是西部地区贫困落后的重要原因西部地区是华夏文明的发源地,在历史上曾有过显赫的文明。曾呈现出“天苍苍,野茫茫,风吹草低见牛羊”的美好景象。然而如今这一切都成为历史,随着生态环境的破坏和自然植被严重的破坏,西部地区渐渐变为贫困落后的地区,与东部地区差距越拉越大。石嘴山处在西部落后边远地区,在实施西部大开发战略中,加快发展的工作任务还相当艰巨。西部地区的生态环境恶化经历了一个长期的历史过程。早期生活在我国东南水利条件较好的平原和丘陵地带的人民,依靠发达的农业取得了以农立国时代的经济优势。居住在相对不宜发展农业的西部山区的人民,维持着传统的牧业、林业和较为原始的粗放型的农业。随着东南地区人口增殖、资源缺     

黄土高原生态经济建设若干问题

以水土流失为基本特征的生态退化严重制约着黄土高原的社会经济发展，重建及恢复生态系统是新时期黄土高原地区的主要战略目标之一。本文在分析以往黄土高原生态建设成果的基础上，从生态经济学角度解读黄土高原生态退化的社会经济原因．分析生态一经济相互作用的机理，并探讨了该区域生态经济建设的主要目标及途径。     

论生态经济与生态城市建设

人类是生态系统的一部分,生态系统具有有序性和循环性,推进城市化必须遵循生态规律,实现经济、社会和自然的协调发展和可持续发展。生态城市建设的核心在于发展生态产业,提倡绿色消费。     

生态危机与生态经济建设

本文以生态经济观点分析、探讨我国当前存在的严重环境问题。指出当前生态环境的恶化严重阻碍着我国的经济建设和农业的发展。呼吁人们应当正视现实:当今人类赖以生存的世界正处在生态危机之中,人类需要远见卓识,应当竭力奋起保护生态,拯救大自然,拯救人类自己。从我国的实际出发,提出控制和治理环境污染的措施和途径。最后着重论述了要全面抓好我国的生态经济建设。     

战争的经济功用

虽说战争是政治的继续，但说到底，战争的终极目标还是经济。经济是政治的目的，政治是经济的手段。     

关于森林生态经济建设的一些联想

一、关于森林生态经济思想产生的历史背景森林是构成陆地良好生态环境的最强大的因素。它以绿色的多层结构覆盖着地表,减缓着水土流失及地面的风速,调节着气温与土温,净化着空气,吸收着噪声等等,从而构成了良好的生态环境,哺育了数量巨大的生物种,森林生态系统因此成为陆地上物种最为丰富的自然生态系统。森林生态系统中的这些生     

Ecological threshold and ecological economic threshold: Implications from an ecological economic model with adaptation

This paper investigates ecological threshold and ecological economic threshold by developing an ecological economic model—an extension of a population–resource dynamics model developed by Brander and Taylor (1998). The model reflects three critical issues regarding an ecological economic system: system boundary, non-convexity, and adaptation. The paper elucidates six main findings: ecological economic threshold may come before ecological threshold; the ecological economic threshold may exhibit a highly context-dependent and dynamic nature, which suggests the precautionary principle; markets do not respond sufficiently to maintain resiliency under an external shock as prices do not reflect thresholds; the system can be restored by intervention, even after crossing the ecological economic threshold; various transitional paths are possible in restoring the system; and adaptation affects resilience to a somewhat significant effect which suggests the importance of better information and education. Because of the complexity of the model, I adopt a system dynamics approach for the development and analysis of the model.     

Coevolution of economic and ecological systems

This paper analyzes a model of economy–environment coevolution in which economic activities induce the genetic evolution of a biological species. This model is applied to the problem of pesticide resistance management. Just as in Munro (Environ Resour Econ, 9:429–449, 1997), we consider three main types of interactions: (1) a large pest population reduces economic revenues, (2) economic activities select for resistant genes and (3) the spread of resistant genes affects the size of the pest population. The model differs from Munro in that it includes evolutionary modeling of economic strategies. Economic agents are assumed to be boundedly rational, i.e they cannot compute the optimal level of pesticide use that minimizes resistance among pests. Economic evolution represents the change in the distribution of pesticide strategies in the population of economic agents and is modeled by a replicator dynamics equation. The interactions between economic evolution of pesticide strategies, pest population dynamics and genetic evolution of resistance of pests are studied in a system of three differential equations. We explore the dynamics and stability properties of the system using numerical simulations.     

Applying economic methodology to the war on terrorism

The application of economic methodology to the problem of terrorism is discussed. Theoretical and empirical results are discussed with particular focus on the September 11 attack and the retaliatory response by the United States. Economists have relied on the rational agent model to derive testable hypotheses regarding the behavior of terrorists. The rational agent model postulates that terrorists respond to incentives, including media publicity, and the model predicts that when the net marginal benefit from one type of terrorist activity is diminished, terrorists will substitute into alternative modes of terrorism. Empirical results demonstrating that such substitutions indeed occur are discussed. Therefore, policy designed to reduce a particular form of terrorism, such as increased airport security to prevent airplane hijackings, may simply result in terrorists choosing alternative modes of terrorism. Empirical evidence demonstrating that terrorism is cyclical in nature is also discussed. Evidence on substitution and cycles suggests that following temporary reduction in terrorist activity after retaliation against terrorists and their infrastructure, terrorists are able to successfully regroup and attack using alternative means. Therefore, the current US focus on fighting terrorism on all fronts and over the long haul is the correct approach.     

Linking dynamic economic and ecological general equilibrium models

Although ecosystems provide myriad services to economies, only one service is considered in most renewable-resource models. The general equilibrium bioeconomic model introduced here admits a second service, and more importantly it accounts for how the two services are impacted by interactions within an eight-species ecosystem and interactions within a regional economy. Endangered Steller sea lion recovery measures via alternative pollock quotas change all ecosystem populations and all economic variables. While non-use values associated with the ecosystem (e.g., existence values) are not considered, all species matter for the economy because they are all used indirectly as support for ecosystem services. Regional welfare changes from reduced quotas show the tradeoff between consumptive and non-consumptive uses of the ecosystem.     

生态文明建设系统观

工业文明为人类社会的繁荣作出了巨大贡献,同时也带来了深重的生态危机,造成整个社会经济难以持续发展的困境。生态文明建设是人类在总结人与自然之间矛盾冲突的教训后做出的全新选择。生态文明建设是一项系统工程,推进生态文明建设必须从建立生态文明建设系统观开始。生态文明建设是复合生态系统自组织进化的负熵流美国生态学家奥德姆认为,生态系统是包括特定空间中的全部生物和物理环境的统一体。这里所说的生态系统是自然生态系统。生态学研究已经表明,它具有自我更新、自我调节的自组织功能。复合生态系统是以人为主体的社会经济系统和…     

金融生态环境与金融法制建设

随着金融生态环境的不断改善,个别金融领域的的法律环境建设也亟待改善。因此,分析金融法律环境建设存在的问题,并提出改进意见。     

From ecological footprint to ecological rent: An economic indicator for resource constraints

This paper takes as a starting point a combination of an input-output model with a national Ecological Footprint account for Germany in the spirit of Wiedmann et al. [Wiedmann, T., Minx, J., Barrett, J., Wackernagel, M., 2006. Allocating ecological footprints to final consumption categories with input-output analysis. Ecological Economics. 56, 28-48]. Footprint as well as Biocapacity is dealt with at the industry level. Gross output of each industry and final demand for each industry can then be split up into a share that is reconcilable with Biocapacity and another share that corresponds to the ‘Ecological Deficit’. The Ecological Footprint concept is extended in this study by introducing the additional biocapacity necessary for sustaining the given level of economic activity. It is assumed that each industry had to rent the corresponding areas and to apply a given technology in order to make this additional land biophysically productive. That results in an additional technology for each industry leading to an increase in costs and prices. The new price level is directly linked to the share of output that corresponds to Biocapacity overshooting, which is defined by the ‘Ecological Deficit’. Economic indicators can be derived by measuring the income difference brought about by the price increase. This difference corresponds to a Ricardian rent which is due to resource constraints on output growth.     

高校植物园式生态环境建设探讨——以浙江农林大学为例

以校园和植物园“二园合一”思想为主题,以文化生态和学术生态为核心,植物园式生态环境建设为辅,从而优化高校整体生态环境,努力构建一个内涵丰富的生态校园。