专利国际保护－－经济利益的法律措施

专利国际保护是市场国际化情势下各利益主体追求效用最大化的结果，经济利益变成法律措施的最新产物TRIPS利益选择倾向明显，对此，我们应有相应的方略。     

国际技术贸易的法律保护

进入20世纪90年代以来,为了维护强国地位,西方经济强国先后开始推行知识产权战略,在全球范围内维护自己的强权地位。     

环境产权界定与环境资源保护的理性思考

环境问题是当今世界发展的三大难题之一,如何使环境资源得到有效保护与合理利用,必须对环境产权进行科学界定。环境产权是最广泛意义的公有产权,在经济高速增长的同时,环境产权与环境资源的侵蚀已经成为十分触目的现实。为了使可持续发展成为跨世纪的全民行动,必须对环境产权界定和环境资源保护作出理性思考,通过建立环境产权界定与环境资源监测的社会机制、网络化、国际化的环境管理体系,达到资源永续利用和环境保护的战略目标     

知识产权保护与国际技术转移的关系研究进展

本文从国际贸易、FDI和技术许可等三个主要国际技术转移渠道方面对知识产权保护影响国际技术转移的最新文献进行了全面梳理.研究结论表明,知识产权保护对贸易、FDI引致的技术转移的影响是复杂和综合的,具有不确定性;而知识产权保护对技术许可引致的技术转移的影响则相对比较明确.最后对知识产权保护与国际技术转移的关系进行了简要评论.     

产权分离与产权分割

权利归属是国防专利制度的核心问题,发明人的核心利益是智力成果收益问题。当前,国防领域职务发明权利归属不清,违背了智力财产私权性的法律原则,造成的结果是发明人失去了产权,国家损失了国防专利制度可能带来的收益,解决问题的关键是跳出“非此即彼”的权利归属思维定势,将国防专利权分为所有权、使用权、收益权和处置权,并在此基础上进行权利分割。国家拥有所有权,发明人拥有使用权和处置权,国家、单位和发明人共同拥有收益权,这既体现了法律的公平正义,又符合经济规律,做到了权、责、利相统一。     

产权、消费权与高校学生权益保护

从产权理论尤其是教育产权理论入手,结合消费者权益保护的有关内容,论述了高校在行使对学生日常事务管理权过程中如何做到权责利相结合的问题。高校学生作为受教育者和消费者,需要明确在学校教育过程中应享有的权利以及高校与学生之间的法律关系。学校在依法行使有关学生受教育权的过程中,应从产权和消费者权益保护的角度出发保护高校学生权益。     

国际技术合作与转让中企业知识产权保护

国际技术合作与转让是发展中国家在短时间内提高科技能力、增强竞争实力、扩大对外开放的必由之路。由于高新技术科技含量高,竞争性强,其中的知识产权问题在技术合作与转让过程中越来越受到各国的重视。我国企业对此并未引起关注,在国际技术合作与转让中知识产权保护方面存在诸多问题。本文针对当前国际技术合作与转让具有的内部性、交叉性和整体性等新特点,提出企业在国际技术合作与转让中必须加强专利保护意识,制定知识产权保护策略。     

TECHNOLOGY SPECIALIZATION AND THE MAGNITUDE AND QUALITY OF EXPORTS

Abstract

This paper examines how technology specialization, measured by citation-weighed patents, affects trade flows. The paper analyzes the relationship between (i) technology specialization and export specialization across regions and (ii) the technology specialization of origin and destination and the quality of export flows. We find that the export specialization of regions corresponds to their technology specialization. Regions with higher technology specialization export products of higher quality, as indicated by higher prices. Moreover, export flows to destination countries with a high technology specialization consist of products of higher quality in the specific technology. The results are consistent with knowledge and technology being important for export performance and with regions with higher specialization in a technology being better equipped to produce high-quality products. They are also consistent with destinations of higher technology specialization, having a more pronounced demand for products of higher quality in the same technology.     

INTERNATIONAL TRADE REGIMES AND PRIVATE PROPERTY RIGHTS

Regimes such as the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), which require constant management by diplomacy, must deteriorate over time. They are bound by precedent, but their precedents, created by negotiation rather than by law, are unprincipled and cumulatively erode the foundations of the regime. To enshrine the objectives of the GATT more precisely in national law would make private property rights more secure against arbitrary government manipulation, and would serve the logic of democratic constitutionalism. Finally, reform of the GATT should be directed to (a) reducing permissible protection to tariffs, (b) securing nondiscrimination, and (c) providing negotiating and legal opportunities for the binding of tariff schedules.     

MARKET SIZE AND INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY PROTECTION*

Intellectual property (IP) protection involves a trade‐off between the undesirability of monopoly and the desirable encouragement of creation and innovation. Optimal policy depends on the relative strength of these two forces. We give a quantitative assessment of current IP policies. We focus particularly on the scale of the market, showing that as it increases, due either to growth or to the expansion of trade, IP protection should be reduced.     

PROTECTION OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS: RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT DECISIONS AND ECONOMIC GROWTH

Determining the appropriate degree of protection to provide intellectual property in the United States and abroad is an important public policy issue. This paper addresses the role of intellectual property protection in the firm's decision on the level of investment in research and development. It also focuses on the stimulus that such protection provides for economic growth in both developed and developing countries. The main conclusion is that the benefits of designing and enforcing a mechanism for strong protection of intellectual property generally exceed the costs.     

PROTECTION BY TARIFF BARRIERS AND INTERNATIONAL TRANSACTION COSTS

Using estimates of protection in the EU market against US exports, this paper illustrates the relative importance of natural and policy sources of protection and the measurement errors induced in the measurement of effective protection by omitting transactions costs. It also considers protection in the EU ‘domestic’ and export market, and the implications of the elimination of tariff barriers only on relative rates of protection in ‘domestic’ and export markets.     

国家级风景名胜区中的世界遗产项目开发保护与国际经验借鉴

风景名胜区和世界遗产都属于公共性旅游资源,具有稀缺性和垄断性特征.其中,风景名胜区具有较强的旅游产品属性,而世界遗产具有较强的公益性,这就决定了世界遗产项目应有更高的开发保护要求.目前我国的国家级风景名胜区中有18个世界遗产项目,在对它们进行开发利用的同时,必须坚持保护其真实性和完整性这两个原则.文章在分析该类项目现状并与国外类似项目进行对比的基础上,提出了值得借鉴的国际经验.     

EMPLOYMENT PROTECTION,TECHNOLOGY CHOICE,AND WORKER ALLOCATION

We show empirically that high‐risk sectors, which contribute strongly to aggregate productivity growth, are relatively small and have relatively low productivity growth in countries with strict employment protection legislation (EPL). To understand these findings, we develop a two‐sector matching model where firms endogenously choose between a safe technology and a risky technology. For firms that have chosen the risky technology, EPL raises the costs of shedding workers in case they receive a low productivity draw. According to our calibrated model, high‐EPL countries benefit less from the arrival of new risky technologies than low‐EPL countries. Parameters estimated through reduced‐form regressions of employment and productivity on exit costs, riskiness, and in particular their interaction are qualitatively similar for actual cross‐country data and simulated model data. Our model is consistent with the slowdown in productivity in the European Union relative to the United States since the mid‐1990s.     

沪港服务输出的比较研究

随着全球经济的快速发展,服务贸易在国际经济中的地位迅速提高,并逐渐成为衡量一国或地区国际竞争力的重要标准。沪港作为中国服务贸易发展较快的两个地区,而且又是未来东亚乃至全球经济中心的潜在竞争对手,所以两者在一定程度上具有可比性。因此,从三个方面对沪港两地的服务输出比较研究,发现它们之间存在较大的差异,并从差异原因的分析中总结出两地服务输出发展的成功经验,以期为北京、广州等地提供借鉴。两地在未来关系的发展中,应相互合作,实现共赢。