金融危机中的政府注资行为分析及其政策启示

研究金融危机中的政府注资行为具有重要的政策实践价值。本文通过对20世纪30年代以来世界主要金融危机中的政府注资行为的梳理,从政策实践的角度对政府注资进行了系统的分析,探讨了财政与货币政策如何应对政府注资带来的经济影响,并提出相应的政策启示。     

基于外部性视角的银行债转股模型研究

商业银行资本运作和乘数效应对货币供给量的影响扮演着重要角色,具有非常大的外部性。以外部性为切入点,对股份制银行和第三方之间的债转股行为所产生的效应进行剖析。从银行-政府-储户的角度出发,通过比较机会成本,测定一组货币乘数、资本充足率和税率,从而制定出一个完全补偿的最优债转股交易额度。在银行-政府-储户系统下,肯定了债转股行为对社会总收益的贡献,同时提出了通过税收政策对其债权人权益的保护,做到有效的帕累托改进。     

税收与银行信贷行为

为了考察税收对银行行为的影响,我们假设商业银行以利润最大化为经营目标。在现行利率管制的条件下,商业银行的选择变量就是其存贷款量。研究结果表明,营业税的开征会影响商业银行最优贷款发放量,对银行信贷行为具有扭曲作用;而所得税对最优存贷款量没有影响。因此,与营业税相比,所得税具有中性税收的优点。     

税制结构与商业银行信贷行为

为了考察税收对银行行为的影响,我们假设商业银行以利润最大化为其经营目标,在现行利率管制条件下,商业银行的选择变量就是其存贷款量.研究结果表明,营业税的开征会影响商业银行最优贷款发放量,对银行信贷行为具有扭曲作用;而所得税对最优存贷款量没有影响,因此,与营业税相比,所得税具有中性税收的优点.     

中国商业银行利差估计及其决定因素的实证研究

本文拓宽了传统意义上银行存贷利差的含义,考虑了中间业务影响的会计利差和反映市场势力的勒纳指数的边际利差,并对中国商业银行1998-2005年的利差进行了实证分析。结果表明,我国银行利差基本处于一个适中的水平,且呈现下降态势。产出多元化导致银行收益增加,市场竞争导致的商业银行存贷款利差缩小促进了金融创新,尤其是中间业务的发展,而来自创新业务的收益在某种程度可以弥补传统业务竞争激烈引致的利差下降。对影响银行利差的主要因素分析表明,商业银行的风险管理对银行利差影响不显著,国有银行机会成本与银行利差存在显著的正相关关系,中间业务发展对银行利差的影响不显著。宏观经济变量对银行利差有一定的影响,但影响并不显著,而反映市场竞争水平的市场结构变量对银行利差的影响不容忽视。     

双积分政策下新能源车企、传统车企、政府协同创新的演化博弈研究

双积分政策推动了新能源汽车市场布局的转变,而协同创新有利于车企其提升研发创新的国际核心竞争力。本文在此背景下,构建了新能源车企、传统车企和政府的三方博弈矩阵,研究新能源汽车平均收益、协同创新所获积分和NEV积分的单位售价、协同创新的额外费用、市场订单总量、抢夺市场份额、政府激励额度、监督成本和企业所得税税率等因素对三方协同创新博弈的影响。研究表明：(1)车企始终都选择协同创新,但趋向协同创新的意愿受新能源汽车平均收益、新能源汽车市场订单总量、抢夺市场份额的影响;(2)在双积分政策的背景下,政府从行业的直接引领者转向间接监督者,车企策略选择几乎不受政府激励大小的影响;(3)政府参与协同创新的意愿随着新能源汽车平均收益、车企NEV积分收益、市场订单总量和企业所得税税率的增长而变强,随着激励额度和监督成本的增长而变弱。本研究有助于双积分政策时代我国新能源汽车产业健康可持续高质量发展的精准施策。     

治理交通拥堵中的政府失灵

"治理交通拥堵"作为一种公共物品,市场机制不能有效解决,政府组织却责无旁贷。文章认为,跟市场失灵一样,我国政府在治理交通拥堵时也出现了失灵,未能使得治理交通拥堵的边际社会成本等于边际社会收益;虽然实施"政府再造"能矫正政府失灵,但受限于我国现行政治体制,治理交通拥堵的帕累托最优状态无法实现,而通过限制私家车的行车里程和在行车收费上区别对待也能实现帕累托改进。     

地方政府负债与囚徒困境

金融危机背景下,实施积极的财政政策和适度宽松的货币政策,对刺激国内经济的效果明显,但地方政府融资的超常规增长积聚的风险隐患也在迅速增加。偏向于地方融资平台公司贷款是银行的最优选择。但各银行的恶性竞争以及信息严重不对称,对于单一银行的最优选择却可能造成对所有参与者最不利的结果。     

政府补贴、异质性与企业风险承担

风险承担水平对于企业发展具有重要的作用,本文旨在评估政府补贴对企业风险承担的因果效应。利用1998—2007年《中国工业企业数据库》,本文采用倾向得分匹配基础上的倍差法进行实证检验,结果表明,政府补贴并未在总体上明显提高企业的风险承担水平。进一步的检验发现,不同额度的政府补贴对企业风险承担的影响存在显著的异质性,即只有适度的补贴提高了企业风险承担水平,而高额度政府补贴则倾向于降低企业风险承担水平。最后,我们还构建中介效应模型对此进行影响机制分析,发现"寻补贴"投资和研发激励的弱化是高额度补贴降低企业风险承担水平的重要影响渠道。本文为深入理解中国企业风险承担水平的变动提供了新的思路,同时也为事后客观评估中国政府补贴的经济效果和完善补贴政策的设计提供了微观证据。     

我国知识产权保护中的企业与政府行为分析

文章以知识产权得到有效保护时计算机软件的价格和产量为比较标准,分析了我国知识产权保护中的企业与政府行为及其后果。文章得出结论认为:与知识产权完全实施时相比较,侵犯知识产权的行为不仅降低了国内类型软件产量,提高国内软件的价格,而且也降低了国外软件开发商在中国市场的利润,而这正是发达国家与我国在与贸易相关的知识产权问题上存在摩擦的主要原因。从短期静态利益考虑,地方政府在追求社会福利最大化时,零查处概率是最佳选择。政府查处盗版的最优概率是查处侵犯知识产权的边际收益等于边际成本时的概率,盗版现象虽不可能被完全杜绝,但却可以被控制在一定的范围和程度内。     

Regional bank efficiency and its effect on regional growth in “normal” and “bad” times

The financial crisis affected regions in Europe in a different magnitude. This is why we examine whether regions which incorporate banks with a higher intermediation quality grow faster in “normal” times and are more resilient in “bad” ones. For this purpose, we measure the intermediation quality of a bank by estimating its profit and cost efficiency while taking the changing banking environment after the financial crisis into account. Next, we aggregate the efficiencies of all banks within a NUTS 2 region to obtain a regional proxy for financial quality in twelve European countries. Our results show that relatively more profit efficient banks foster growth in their region. The link between financial quality and growth is valid in “normal” and in “bad” times. These results provide evidence to the importance of swiftly restoring bank profitability in euro area crisis countries through addressing high non-performing loans ratios and decisive actions on bank recapitalization.     

Default probability of a captive credit bank with government capital injections: A capped barrier option approach

Auto dealers use floorplan financing to buy cars from the original equipment manufacturer (OEM) with credit typically provided by the OEM's captive credit bank. The purpose of this paper is to explicate and model captive bank lending to dealers and determine the loan-risk default probability in equity returns of the captive bank under government capital injections during a financial crisis. The lending function of the captive bank necessitates modeling equity return as a “capped” barrier option. Numerical exercises show that a decrease in the discount rate of the floorplan financing or an increase in the amount of government capital injection decreases the default probability in equity returns of the captive bank. Floorplan or government assistance enables the captive bank to be much less prone to loan risk, specifically with large-scale dealers which can substantially affect the stability of the banking system.     

Quantifying the recapitalization fund premium using option pricing techniques

The purpose of the paper consists in developing a formula for quantifying the premium a bank is expected to pay for a fund that provides recapitalization in order to allow orderly failure if the bank is in financial distress. The main finding is that such a premium can be computed as the difference between the prices of two European put options.     

Banking business models and risk: Findings from the ECB's comprehensive assessment

We use the results of the ECB's comprehensive assessment to evaluate the importance of the bank business model on risk assessment and the persuasive effectiveness of different supervisory styles on banks’ recapitalization. Our analysis reveals inconsistencies in the information content provided by the various regulatory measures used for assessing bank stability. Moreover, opposite to CET1 ratio, the leverage ratio provides assessments on business models more consistent with a market-based measure of bank risk exposure and Z-SCORE. Accounting for several control variables both at the bank and country level, we also find evidence that the effectiveness of the supervisory action depends on the specific type of supervisory model. In particular, countries adopting the hybrid model seem more effective in persuading banks to recapitalize preventively. Differently, countries adopting the integrated and the sectorial model seem less effective in their requests.     

Stability periods between financial crises: The role of macroeconomic fundamentals and crises management policies

This study aims to identify which factors explain why some countries enjoy long durations of stability, while others experience crises in shorter intervals. We analyze the duration of stability periods between currency, debt, and banking crises by employing an innovative econometric strategy, the Finite Mixture Model (FMM). Real and financial variables show high predictive power for stability spells between currency crises. Regarding debt crises, the real interest rate is observed to be the best predictor. The time between systemic financial crises appears to be prolonged through government interventions and through IMF program participation, while bank recapitalization has a negative impact.     

金融危机背景下政府干预与银行信贷风险研究

金融危机冲击导致经营环境恶化,银行信贷萎缩,在政府施加的指令性贷款和自身经营利润最大化的双重任务约束下,银行道德风险增加,贷款资金投放背离政府救市意图。文章在一个双重任务约束模型框架下分析了危机中政府干预对国有商业银行贷款风险的影响,根据任务之间的关联度对银行的激励行为做出拓展性解释。动态面板GMM模型实证检验结果显示,政府干预没有造成不良贷款的上升,但对信贷规模的扩张存在明显影响,长期将造成银行资源的过度利用和潜在风险的上升。     

Bank bailouts and political instability

This paper studies bank solvency crises due to macroeconomic shocks in a model where government is prone to bailout because of cronyism. Citizens can dismiss the government and overrule its decision if they believe that a bailout is not economically justified. The results are as follows. First, the probability of a political crisis in equilibrium increases with the scope of the political principal-agent problem. Second, political uncertainty enlarges the set of parameters for which a banking crisis takes place and thereby increases financial instability. Third, politico-financial crises may stem from foreign lenders' loss of confidence.     

Central bank communication on fiscal policy

The issue of central bank communication on fiscal policy has so far received very little attention in the literature. This article aims to shed light on the determinants of central bank communication on fiscal policy by analysing the intensity of central banks’ fiscal communication for five central banks (the Federal Reserve, the ECB, the Bank of Japan, the Bank of England and the Swedish Riksbank) over the period 1999–2011. The ECB communicates intensively on fiscal policies, in a normative way. The other central banks emphasise foreign fiscal developments, fiscal policy as input to forecasts, or the use of government debt instruments in monetary policy operations. The empirical analysis indicates that the financial crisis has overall increased the intensity of central bank communication on fiscal policy. The evolution of the government deficit ratio is a driver of the intensity of fiscal communication in the euro area, the US and Japan, and for Sweden since the start of the crisis, while in the UK its intensity is related to government debt developments as of the start of the crisis.     

外汇储备、银行危机与政府政策

本文探讨了在实行固定或钉住汇率制度条件下,面对商业银行清偿能力危机时,政府是否应该救助的问题。经研究发现:在外汇储备充足时,当商业银行的不良资产较多,或该国的信贷市场处于不断发展与扩张的阶段,政府应该救助;在外汇储备不充足时,当该国的信贷市场处于不断发展与扩张的阶段,政府应该救助;当商业银行的不良资产较多时,政府是否救助视该国具体情况而定;当该国外债规模较大时,政府不应该提供救助。     

The Government's Foreign Debt in the Argentine Crisis

Though the government had adopted a currency board regime since 1991, the Argentine economy suffered a currency crisis in 2002. It is shown that currency crises can arise, even under currency board systems in which the central bank has enough international reserves to respond to arbitrary withdrawals by individuals. The model implies that a government's rapid accumulation of foreign debt should be included as a major predictor of currency crises.