农田水利管理改革中的农户参与和高效用水——基于淮河流域的实证研究

该文采用对淮河流域农户调查数据,利用DEA方法测算农田灌溉用水效率,并构建Tobit模型分析农户参与灌溉管理后对灌溉用水效率的影响。结果显示当前灌溉用水效率普遍较低,而且变化范围较大,目前灌溉用水的使用还处于规模报酬递增阶段;参与式灌溉管理可以提高灌溉的及时性,能够激励农户更加高效地使用灌溉用水,而且对低收入农户高效用水的效果更为明显。这些表明加强农户参与有助于农田水利管理体制改革节水增效目标的实现,能够推动灌溉管理改革健康、持续、深入地进行。     

中国中部用水者协会对农户生产的影响

本文的研究旨在检验政府采取参与式灌溉管理（PIM）和用水者协会改革政策的效果。对湖北漳河灌区和东风灌区208户农户的问卷调查资料进行了统计分析和计量经济模型分析,研究结果表明用水者协会的成立对农户灌溉水资源供应和农业生产产生了积极影响。调查中有80％的农户肯定了用水者协会的作用,用水者协会调动了农户进行渠道维护和管理的积极性。用水者协会可以继续作为我国灌溉管理改革的一个方向和选择。     

中国中部用水者协会对农户生产的影响

本文的研究旨在检验政府采取参与式灌溉管理(PIM)和用水者协会改革政策的效果。对湖北漳河灌区和东风灌区208户农户的问卷调查资料进行了统计分析和计量经济模型分析,研究结果表明用水者协会的成立对农户灌溉水资源供应和农业生产产生了积极影响。调查中有80%的农户肯定了用水者协会的作用,用水者协会调动了农户进行渠道维护和管理的积极性。用水者协会可以继续作为我国灌溉管理改革的一个方向和选择。     

农村公共管理服务变化影响农户收入吗?—基于中国健康与养老调查数据的经验分析

在农村市场化进程中农村的公共管理服务发生了深刻变化。基于2011年中国健康与养老调查数据构建计量经济模型,通过控制实验方法解决模型中可能存在的内生性问题,验证了政府经济发展服务、社会管理服务影响农户收入的机制。分析结果表明:以乡镇企业、村办企业数量衡量的政府经济管理服务显著影响农户收入,企业数量越多的村庄农户收入也越高;以村基层组织干部素质衡量的政府社会管理服务也是影响农户收入的重要因素;与经济管理服务相比,政府社会管理服务能力对农户收入的影响力较弱。政府应当通过公共服务购买改革等方式提高农村社会管理服务水平,充分发挥市场在农村经济领域中的决定性作用。     

关于推广高效节水灌溉,建设节水型社会

高新节水灌溉可以有效地节约水资源,有效缓解水的供需矛盾,对新疆农业经济可持续发展具有重要意义,不仅可以减少无效耗水、提高作物产量,同时还能减少土地盐渍化危害和水源污染,扩大耕地面积,改善生态环境.     

农机服务对农户分化影响路径的实证分析

基于我国农户趋于分化的客观事实，利用农户微观调查数据，分别从农户分化意愿以及农户收入分化的视角，实证检验农机服务对农户分化的影响机制。结果显示，农户采用农机服务，可以提高其家庭劳动力禀赋，有助于提升农户的实际经营能力，一方面，能够增强小农户留农意愿；另一方面，可以提升普通农户成为种植大户的意愿。此外，采用农机服务还可以提高农户的农业收入比重，在控制农机服务与农户分化之间的内生性之后，农机服务对农户收入的促进作用依然十分稳健。总体而言，农机服务能够与农户家庭劳动力结构形成较好的匹配，具有优化家庭劳动力资源配置、促进劳动力内部分工的作用，有助于提升劳动力的耕种能力，进而为农户扩大经营规模提供必要的保障。建议完善农田基础设施，降低农机服务作业成本，提升农机服务的便利性。     

江苏省测土配方施肥技术的经济效果评价

本文利用江苏省已推广实施测土配方施肥技术的2个项目县的农户调查数据,通过建立PMP模型,对该技术的经济效果进行了评价。研究结果表明:测土配方施肥技术对增加农户收入的效果明显;该技术的采用会使竞争性作物种植体系中各种作物的播种面积有所调整,但在种植单一作物的情况下则其播种面积不变。     

易地扶贫搬迁对农户收入的影响机理及效应——基于陕南3市8县1712个农户数据的实证分析

持续、稳定地提高农户收入是“后搬迁”时期巩固易地搬迁脱贫成果，防止搬迁农户返贫、返迁的关键。利用陕南三市1 712个农户实地调查数据，基于收入结构的视角，构建易地搬迁影响农户收入的直接和间接作用机制，并使用PSM方法和中介效应分析方法进行实证检验。结果发现：(1)搬迁具有明显的农户“自选择”特征，在消除选择性偏差之后，搬迁显著提高了农户的总收入，从分项收入来看，搬迁显著降低了农户种植业收入、林业收入和养殖业收入，显著提高了务工收入，但搬迁对资产性收入和非农自营收入的影响并不明显。(2)在搬迁对非农收入影响中，非农劳动供给的中介效应显著，占比43.43%，农户对补贴的“福利依赖”阻碍了其非农收入的提高，遮掩效应占比11.00%，搬迁显著提高了农户家庭的市场可及性、非农发展环境和非农发展内生动力，但尚未转化为非农收入的提高，由于技能培训存在时滞，家庭特殊技能人口占比的中介效应亦不显著。(3)集中安置农户对补贴的福利依赖更强，其“遮掩效应”更加明显，而对于分散安置农户，市场可及性的中介效应变得显著。结果意味着，搬迁后要促进农户持续稳定增收，一是应通过机制保障和政策激励，实现农户增收渠道多样化...     

县域银行业竞争与农户共同富裕——绝对收入和相对收入的双重视角

中国式现代化是全体人民共同富裕的现代化。县域银行业竞争是否会促进农户收入增长、缩小收入差距以助力实现共同富裕值得深入探讨。本文将县域银行网点数据与CHFS农户数据匹配,经验分析了县域银行业竞争对农户绝对收入和相对收入增长的影响及其机制。研究表明,县域银行业竞争促进了农户绝对收入增长、缩小了农户相对收入差距。其机制在于,银行业竞争有助于提升农户金融可得性,通过资本流引导生产流促进农户创新创业;相比于高收入农户,中低收入农户能从银行业竞争中获益更多。进一步分析发现：国有大型商业银行份额的提升有助于增强县域银行业竞争的农户收入增长效应,而根植本土的农村商业银行份额提升的作用则不明显;农村金融增量改革和数字金融发展均能在银行业竞争促进农户收入增长中产生显著的调节效应。但是,银行业竞争难以弥补发达地区与欠发达地区农户之间的收入差距,这体现了要进一步推动欠发达地区经济金融由“低水平均衡”向“高水平均衡”转变的紧迫性。     

信号传递理论下的农户金融抑制及对策研究

在分析国内外研究现状的基础上,提出利用信号传递理论解决农户金融抑制的新视角。通过把农户收入结构、农地租赁抵押权、个人信誉和联合信誉等一些非传统抵押品作为经济信号引入贷款合约,可以有效提高农村信贷资金的供给能力,提高农户金融市场效率,部分缓解农户金融抑制程度。     

A Comparison of PIM Estimates with Direct Stock Information for Dwellings

One of the major sources of uncertainty in capital stock estimates stems from the use of the perpetual inventory method (PIM) in all the cases where direct stock information is not available. In the Danish capital stock estimates, it has been possible to dispense with the PIM as far as buildings are concerned. Instead, an administrative register of buildings is used together with a property register and the business register to produce an exhaustive enumeration of practically all buildings in the economy broken down by industry and sector. For the most important type of buildings, namely dwellings, the paper compares direct stock estimates derived by multiplying physical quantities (square meters) by the replacement prices per square meter with those that would result from applying the PIM to historical investment series. Dwellings are by far the most important non-financial assets in most developed economies.     

Complementarity between water pricing, water rights and local water governance: A Bayesian analysis of choice behaviour of farmers in the Krishna river basin, India

To ensure efficient water allocation and use, policy designers have adopted various strategies, including price setting, decentralising irrigation water management or improving water rights. Most of these strategies have been applied individually, without considering the complementary relationships between them. This paper uses a discrete choice model to analyse the scope for combinations of tools for irrigation water demand management and farmers' acceptance of these. In terms of local irrigation water governance, the presence or absence of collective irrigation water management, in the form of a Water Users Association, is considered. Water rights are specified in terms of the duration and quality of the entitlement and its transferability. Finally, four types of water pricing methods (area, crop, block and volumetric pricing) are considered. Using a choice experiment, we elicit the most preferred water pricing method, under different water rights situations, at different price levels and under various contexts for local irrigation water governance. Our results indicated that under conditions of improved water rights, preference for volumetric pricing increases, whilst the presence of a Water Users Association reduces this preference. Furthermore, it was found that using an appropriate combination of water demand management tools considerably increases the willingness to pay for a change in scenario.     

Risk-dominance and perfect foresight dynamics in N-player games

In perfect foresight dynamics, an action is linearly stable if expectation that people will always choose the action is self-fulfilling. A symmetric game is a PIM game if an opponent's particular action maximizes the incentive of an action, independently of the rest of the players. This class includes supermodular games, games with linear incentives and so forth. We show that, in PIM games, linear stability is equivalent to u-dominance, a generalization of risk-dominance, and that there is no path escaping a u-dominant equilibrium. Existing results on N-player coordination games, games with linear incentives and two-player games are obtained as corollaries.     

系统动力学在水污染控制系统中的应用研究

运用系统分析方法,以系统动力学为工具,构建许昌市水污染控制系统模型,设计了包括零方案在内的7种水污染控制方案。分析不同方案下的污染物排放量及水污染程度,结合河流水质模型,定量模拟优选方案下的河流水质状态,建立了污染物排放量—河流水质之间的联动关系,为当地环保管理者决策提供依据,为其他区域的水污染控制及水质改善提供了研究思路。     

Stopping the Drain: Third-party Responses to California's Water Market

Concerns over potential adverse effects of a state-sponsored water market have prompted many rural California counties to adopt ordinances restricting groundwater exports since the early 1990 s. Results from panel regressions that rely on original water market and institutional data indicate that these local restrictions have significantly reduced water exports. The optimality of this policy is assessed. In the presence of a water market, export restrictions appear as a low-cost management alternative to common property within source regions. The substantial statewide benefits of a market weigh in favor of broader public support to more comprehensive, non-discriminatory groundwater management initiatives. (JEL Q25 , Q21 )     

Reprint of: Sewage Pollution and Institutional and Technological Change in the United States, 1830-1915

This article examines institutions for water pollution control and their interaction with water supply and sanitation technologies in the United States before the First World War. The article discusses how growth of settlements polluted waters and created pressure to adopt local institutional responses and networked water supply and sewerage technologies in the mid-19th century. However, the new urban technologies undermined local institutional responses and expanded the scale of water pollution problems they were expected to resolve. Water companies, households and local governments litigated their water pollution conflicts in the courts in the absence of other alternatives. In the end of the 19th century, many states adopted water pollution policies. At first, public health authorities enforced the new policies to protect public water supplies from sewage contamination. However, when the effectiveness of filtration and chlorination of drinking water was demonstrated in the early 20th century, public health authorities ceased to enforce discharge prohibitions and instead pressured water companies to adopt the new technological measures to protect public health.     

Sewage pollution and institutional and technological change in the United States, 1830–1915

This article examines institutions for water pollution control and their interaction with water supply and sanitation technologies in the United States before the First World War. The article discusses how growth of settlements polluted waters and created pressure to adopt local institutional responses and networked water supply and sewerage technologies in the mid-19th century. However, the new urban technologies undermined local institutional responses and expanded the scale of water pollution problems they were expected to resolve. Water companies, households and local governments litigated their water pollution conflicts in the courts in the absence of other alternatives. In the end of the 19th century, many states adopted water pollution policies. At first, public health authorities enforced the new policies to protect public water supplies from sewage contamination. However, when the effectiveness of filtration and chlorination of drinking water was demonstrated in the early 20th century, public health authorities ceased to enforce discharge prohibitions and instead pressured water companies to adopt the new technological measures to protect public health.     

ASSESSING THE INTEGRATION OF ELECTRICITY MARKETS USING PRINCIPAL COMPONENT ANALYSIS: NETWORK AND MARKET STRUCTURE EFFECTS

Market power in electricity wholesale spot markets is more likely if there is market segmentation. We show that principal component analysis is a natural tool for the qualitative and quantitative assessment of the presence of local markets. We study whether the New Zealand market has been a national market or a set of local markets since its inception in 1996 and find that increased competition induced some segmentation that was eliminated by transmission enhancement and the introduction of generation downstream from the constrained circuits. Transmission investment policy that ensures one market will contribute to the efficiency of electricity, water, and related other markets. ( JEL D4, L1, L4)     

Political decentralization and corruption: Exploring the conditional role of parties

This study investigates how national levels of corruption are influenced by the interaction of two factors in political decentralization: the presence of local elections and the organizational structure of national parties. Previous studies have focused primarily on the role of fiscal decentralization on corruption and have mostly ignored the institutions of political decentralization. Using new data in a series of expansive models across multiple countries and years, we find that corruption will be lower when local governments are more accountable to and more transparent toward their constituents. This beneficial arrangement is most likely to occur when local elections are combined with nonintegrated political parties, meaning that party institutions themselves are decentralized from national control. Such an institutional arrangement maximizes local accountability by putting the decision to nominate and elect local leaders in the hands of those best in a position to evaluate their honesty—local electors.