Child Welfare Allocations: State-level Estimates of Effective Guarantees

Welfare grants in the United States very from year to year and from state to state. Actual grants are very different from stated nominal levels of support for two reasons. First, grants are reduced for income. Second, not all qualified families receive welfare. Some do not apply. Others are discouraged, wrongly denied, or poorly counselled. The actual level of welfare support per child is estimated herein at the state level for single female household heads for each year from 1979 to 1990. A tobit estimation technique is employed to account for the probability of not receiving welfare when otherwise qualified.     

Welfare Economic Aspects of Capital Punishment

Abstract . Much has been written in recent years concerning the issue of capital punishment. The major argument on the side of the retentionists appears to revolve around deterrence. Using postulates from modern welfare economics the authors demonstrate that the deterrence question is largely irrelevant. Attention is also given to extracting materials from the writings of earlier economists from Petty to Mill which may be helpful in resolving the issue. The conclusion which emerges is that capital punishment is not justifiable on economic grounds.     

It's No Laffer'Matter: Claim That Increasing Welfare Aid Breeds Poverty and Dependence Fails Statistical Test

Abstract . The claim is analyzed that there is a Laffer-type relationship between welfare spending and poverty. Conservative analysts in recent years have asserted that over the last several decades poverty declined with increased welfare spending up to a point, beyond which increases in spending produced increases in poverty. Measures of pre-transfer and pre-welfare poverty are used in order to account for poverty due to welfare dependency. Employing data for 1959-1983, the authors find evidence which casts doubt on the validity of the hypothesis that there has been a Laffer-type relationship between welfare spending and poverty.     

Welfare Spending and Poverty: Cutting Back Produces More Poverty, Not Less

The "New Consensus " on welfare expresses the idea that the major problem in social welfare is dependency , not poverty Much of the evidence for this perspective has come from trend line data indicating that over time poverty did not evaporate in the face of increases in social welfare spending Using various measures of the "dependent" poor, the empirical analysis presented suggests that reducing welfare expenditures relative to need does not produce less poverty and dependency     

Work and Welfare in Economics:

Abstract . Today's conventional economics typically ignores the impact of alternative forms of work organization upon the welfare of the worker. In effect, its methodology is concerned with the welfare of the individual as a consumer, but not with the welfare of the individual as a worker. Hence, welfare conclusions of economics are subject to challenge on grounds of being incomplete. Whether the worker is alienated or achieves self-fulfillment, etc., stands in no necessary relationship to either the formal lines of enterprise ownership, political ideology or form of economic system. Questions of authority and power in work organizations and the workplace conditions affecting the worker on the job transcend them.     

Disclosure Regulation in Duopoly Markets: Proprietary Costs and Social Welfare

Abstract

The argument of proprietary costs is commonly used by firms to object against proposed disclosure regulations. The goal of this paper is to improve our understanding of the welfare consequences of disclosure in duopoly markets and to identify market settings where proprietary costs are a viable argument for firms to remain silent. We, therefore, solve the optimal disclosure strategies and distinguish two different potentially costly effects of disclosing private information: the strategic information effect and the market information effect. We identify the market settings for which a regulator prefers to impose disclosure regulation so as to maximise consumer surplus or total surplus. Regulation may be necessary because (i) the increase in welfare outweighs proprietary costs to the firms, or (ii) firms are trapped in a prisoners' dilemma. The first primarily applies to Bertrand competition with demand uncertainty and, to a lesser extent, to Cournot competition. The second applies primarily to Cournot competition and Bertrand competition with cost uncertainty.     

The Effectiveness of Public Assistance Payments (1970–80) in Reducing Poverty Reconsidered

A bstract . The effectiveness of public assistance in reducing poverty in the U.S.A. is re-examined by estimating the extent of public assistance among all families and of families officially defined in poverty. Also studied is the extent of public assistance among families not defined as in poverty. The findings are further analyzed for their changes during the decade 1970–80. It is found that errors of commission (assisting families not in poverty) and of omission (not assisting families in poverty) were quite widespread in 1980, although significantly reduced from their high prevalence in 1970.     

The World Bank and Poverty: The Plight of the World's Impoverished Is Still a Major Concern of the International Agency.

Abstract . Since the early 1980s, the World Bank has taken on new tasks in addition to its regular development finance function: preventing economic collapse in borrower countries, helping heavily indebted countries cope with their international payments difficulties, and encouraging basic economic policy reform and structural adjustment in developing countries. Many critics worry that, as the World Bank has taken on these new responsibilities, it has lessened its concern about poverty. The Bank and its friends argue that poverty alleviation remains a central element of the Bank's agenda, but the world situation is different than it was during the 1970s and new kinds of action are needed today. The Bank believes that economic reform and structural adjustments are crucial elements of a modern anti-poverty program. Many critics believe that structural adjustment programs may seriously hurt the poor. Exploring the arguments and reporting the ways the World Bank has sought to respond to this controversy, the author concludes that the issue is a fundamental disagreement about whether the new modes of Bank lending and the Bank's new policy emphasis will have a positive or negative effect on the poor.     

Modelling Regional Welfare Efficiency Applying Conditional Full Frontiers

Abstract

This paper demonstrates an evaluation of welfare policies and regional allocation of public investment using the recent developments in efficiency analysis and statistical inference. Specifically, the efficiency of the welfare policies of the Greek prefectures for the census years of 1980, 1990 and 2000 are compared and analyzed. The paper, using bootstrap techniques on unconditional and conditional full frontier applications, indicates that there are major welfare inefficiencies among the prefectures over the three census years. The analysis reveals that the increase of population density over the years has a negative impact on the welfare efficiency levels of the Greek prefectures.

RÉSUMÉ Cette communication démontre une évaluation des politiques sociales et de l'affectation régionale d'investissements publics, sur la base de développements récents dans l'analyse du rendement et des conclusions statistiques. Plus spécifiquement, nous comparaisons et nous analysons l'efficacité des politiques sociales des préfectures grecques pour les années de recensement 1980, 1990 et 2000. En appliquant des techniques de rééchantillonnage à des applications à frontières intégrales inconditionnelles et conditionnelles, la communication démontre que les années de recensement ont été marquées par l'existence d'une grande inefficacité sur le plan social, parmi les préfectures. L'analyse révèle que l'augmentation de la densité de la population a, au fil des années, eu un effet négatif sur l'efficacité des préfectures de la Grèce sur le plan social.

R esumen Este estudio demuestra una evaluación de las políticas de beneficios sociales y la distribución regional de la inversión pública usando los recientes desarrollos en análisis de eficiencia e inferencia estadística. Específicamente, se compara y analiza la eficiencia de las políticas de beneficios sociales de las prefecturas griegas en los años de censo 1980, 1990 y 2000. El estudio que usa técnicas bootstrap en las aplicaciones de frontera completa incondicionales y condicionales indica que existen importantes ineficiencias en los beneficios sociales entre las prefecturas durante los tres años censados. El análisis revela que el aumento de la densidad de la población a través de los años tiene un impacto negativo en los niveles de eficiencia de los beneficios sociales en las prefecturas griegas.

     

Prices and Regional Variation in Welfare

One would expect regional differences in prices to influence conclusions concerning levels and distributions of well-being. Although there is anecdotal evidence of significant price dispersion across regions, there is no governmental source of data that measures differences in price levels. In this paper I integrate estimates of regional prices with expenditure data from the Consumer Expenditure Surveys to assess the influence of price differences on living standards in the United States. While prices have little effect on inequality, estimates of poverty and the standard of living change substantially with the inclusion of regional price variation.     

Coordination of Welfare Through a Large Integrated Organization: The Australian department of human services

Abstract

An integrated organization is one option for handling the provision of services in a welfare state. Australia’s welfare administration is centred on a mega department, the largest within the public service, with wide delivery responsibilities. Integration means that many welfare relationships are largely internalized, but this does not preclude the horizontal and vertical coordination problems of a large and complex organization, particularly where elements of the policy system extend outside. The research examines how to explain the use of an integrative form of coordination for service delivery, and how policy and implementation is coordinated.     

The Diversity and Causality of Welfare State Reforms Explored with Fuzzy-Sets

The introduction of fuzzy-sets into social science has potentially improved our ability to study diversity by means of the so-called partial memberships. As a consequence, social phenomena can be studied empirically as a matter of degree and not longer as fixed types. A fuzzy-set is a set with elements whose membership grades can have any real value between 0 and 1. In order to illustrate the capacities of the fuzzy set logic and also to make the discussion less abstract, it will be applied to the study of welfare state reforms. The ‘grading capacity’ of fuzzy-sets makes it possible to study welfare states as partial members of different welfare state regimes at the same time. This approach reveals the diversity of welfare reforms better than traditional ways which are often inclined to picture a case as representative of one particular type which is a too crude classification. Fuzzy-sets are designed to capture the diversity in a way that leaves more room to map individual cases without falling into the trap of idiosyncrasy. An equally important ability of fuzzy-sets is to analyse causal relationships in a small-n design. The fuzzy-set logic can be used to determine necessary and sufficient conditions for an outcome. This takes the form of expressions which reveal multiple-conjunctural causation patterns. In this paper the conditions for welfare cutbacks and the effects on socio-economic performance will be examined.     

Would You Choose the Welfare State?

The argument in Robert Sugden's IEA Occasional Paper, Who Cares…?, is challenged by two economists from the University of York, arguing primarily that welfare is a public good; Dr Sugden re-asserts his critique of the welfare state.     

Optimal Social Design: Estimating a Social Welfare Function from Questionnaire Data

A social design x evokes a response y from a set of individuals. The value of the design is expressed in terms of a social welfare function which is derived from Arrow’s formulation of social choice. Making certain simplifying assumptions the social welfare function can be expressed in terms of individuals’ ideal designs. A method for estimating the social welfare function from quite limited empirical evidence is developed. The method is applied to an educational case study. There was considerable variation in individuals’ ideal designs. The components of the social welfare were estimated: the welfare ideal, the population sensitivity, the population variation, the deviation from the ideal and the welfare ceiling. Methodological problems are discussed.     

Time on Welfare

A bstract . Long-term welfare participation by women is examined using data from Akron , Ohio. Age at entry to welfare, previous work experience , and number of children are the best predictors of long-term welfare use. Race and education are not statistically significant. Changes in family structure are the major reason why women enter welfare. But labor market reasons predortant for married couples. Labor market reasons are the most important reason why women leave the welfare system. For "high risk" women, welfare is less a safety net than a dependency trap. Public policy should focus on pregnancy among high-risk teens.     

Estimation of Poverty Transition Matrices with Noisy Data

This paper investigates measurement error biases in estimated poverty transition matrices. We compare transition matrices based on survey expenditure data to transition matrices based on measurement‐error‐free simulated expenditure. The simulation model uses estimates that correct for measurement error in expenditure. We find that time‐varying measurement error in expenditure data magnifies economic mobility. Roughly 45% of households initially in poverty at time t ? 1 are found to be out of poverty at time t using data from the Korean Labor and Income Panel Study. When measurement error is removed, this drops to between 26 and 31% of households initially in poverty. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

The Welfare Effects of Consumers' Reports of Bribery

A primary means of bureaucratic oversight is consumer complaints. Yet this important control mechanism has received very little attention in the literature on corruption. I study a signaling game of corruption in which uninformed consumers require a government service from informed officials. A victim of corruption can report corrupt officials whose supervisors are negligent or conscientious but an official's type is his private information. I find that social welfare may be nonmonotonic in the proportion of conscientious supervisors. Several examples show that an increase in the proportion of conscientious supervisors decreases social welfare if the mass of conscientious supervisors is below a critical level. I find that this perverse result does not hold if (a) the bribe is very large, or (b) bribe‐giving is legalized. I also find that there is an equilibrium in which no one reports corruption.     

Big Business and Community Welfare

A bstract .   Building on research published by C. Wright Mills and Melville Ulmer in 1946 , the relationships among community welfare and civic engagement, the independent middle class, and big business are examined. Manufacturing-dependent counties are the units of analysis. Partial correlation analysis is used to identify the effects of the independent and mediated effects of big business, civic engagement, and the independent middle class on community welfare. Results show that a local economy organized around smaller-scale, diversified enterprises has more favorable outcomes than one dominated by one or more large corporations.     

Socioeconomic Conditions and Property Crime:

A comprehensive review of the crime literature indicates varying and often opposing hypotheses of relationships between property crime and socioeconomic conditions such as poverty, business cycle conditions, demographics, criminal justice system actions, and family structure. Employing measures of each of the hypothesized factors, time-series models for robbery, burglary, and vehicle theft are estimated from yearly and national Uniform Crime Report (UCR) data for the period 1959 through 1992 and are used to test these hypotheses' current empirical relevance. The empirical findings selectively confirm the importance of macroeconomic stability and criminal justice system actions in reducing property crime activity. In contrast, decreases in absolute poverty and general income inequality are associated with increased criminal activity; and age demographics and family/community structure apparently have little impact on any of the analyzed property-crime trends, A reduction in inflation apparently decreases property crimes.     

Henry George and the Classical Scientific Research Program: The Economics of Republican Millennialism

Abstract . Henry George's classicism was evident in his acceptance of “hard core” assumptions inherent in classical economic analysis, notably that rational self-interested behavior exercise in competitive markets maximized economic welfare. However, George's “stage theory,” the “Law of Human Progress,” led him to reject the classical nexus between social and economic welfare. The emergence of an exchange economy improved efficiency and economic welfare, but institutional changes lagged behind, particularly the redefinition of property rights. Consequently, economic growth based on land as a private rather than public good widened the gap between economic efficiency and social welfare. Hence George's paradox of poverty amidst progress. George resolved the equity efficiency conflict by treating land as a public good. Then, the sale of monopoly rights to land through the “single tax” on land rents captured the difference between the private and social costs of land use.