中国当前收入不平等的现状分析

目前,中国收入不平等,尤其是机会不平等的问题日益严重,影响了经济发展的速度和质量,成为了急需解决的重大问题。在数据分析的基础上,归纳目前中国收入不平等的现状,并从制度层面上提出缓解收入不平等的对策建议。     

收入分配机会不平等问题研究进展

本文系统地回顾了近年来国外收入分配研究越来越关注的机会不平等问题。理论上说,收入差异的机会不平等研究是以内涵-政策-测度为逻辑发展的:以因素划分为基础的机会平等内涵讨论是机会平等政策所需补偿原则和回报原则的理论基础,而当前最重要的四种机会不平等程度测度方法是这些内涵和原则在实证方法中的运用。实证方面,本文通过对调查和实验结果的总结发现,机会公平认知判断和机会不平等测度在不同国家得到了各种不同的结果,并根据环境的不同具有适用性的差异。这些研究对于中国收入分配的研究和政策设计具有非常重要的借鉴意义。     

中国家庭收入不平等与消费不平等——基于收入冲击和消费保险视角的研究

本文采用CFPS 2010—2018年数据,考察了中国家庭收入不平等和消费不平等之间的内在联系。研究发现：第一,收入不平等呈现先上升后下降的倒U形趋势,而消费不平等在平稳中有上升趋势。第二,消费对持久性冲击和暂时性冲击均存在部分保险。第三,收入不平等和消费不平等之间演变趋势的不同步可以通过这一时期收入冲击的持续程度和消费保险程度来解释。进一步分析表明,转移支付、耐用品交易和家庭资产在应对收入冲击时起着重要的保险作用。     

中国城镇居民收入和消费不平等的构成及其关系*

本文运用2002-2009年城镇居民住户调查数据,对城镇居民收入和消费不平等的构成及其联系进行研究。本文发现：城镇居民收入不平等主要是工资性收入导致的;工资性和财产性收入对总收入不平等的边际贡献为正,转移性和经营性收入的边际贡献则为负;养老金和退休金是缓解收入不平等的最主要因素;食品、交通通信支出是城镇居民消费不平等的主要构成部分,前者的边际贡献为负,后者的边际贡献为正;收入不平等是消费不平等的主要原因。     

城乡收入不平等对消费不平等的实证分析——以陕西省为例

本文基于1978-2008年时间序列数据,探讨了城乡收入不平等对消费不平等的影响.研究结果表明陕西省城乡收入不平等和消费不平等具有长期稳定的协整关系,城乡收入不平等加剧了消费不平等.研究结论表明,要缩小城乡收入和消费不平等,刺激居民消费需求可以从以下几个方面入手:加快农村基础设施建设,促进农村非农产业发展;推进城市化进程,适度引导城镇居民对农村居民消费的示范效应.     

机会均等与共同富裕——基于居民收入机会不平等及其变化趋势的探讨

本文利用CHIP数据分析了2002—2018年间处于劳动年龄人群的收入机会不平等情况及其变化趋势。近二十年来我国居民收入的机会不平等程度呈下降趋势,这主要是因为导致机会不平等的环境因素发生了变化而不是因为子人群的结构变化。其中,地区、出生时的户籍类型的影响有所下降;个体特征(性别、年龄)的影响逐渐加剧;父母特征(教育和职业)的影响一直保持高位甚至有上升势头,教育代际传递对不平等起着不容忽视的影响。分户籍看,出生时拥有农村户籍的人群内部存在的机会不平等相对更高。随着年龄的增长,每个出生组人群内部存在的机会不平等程度逐渐上升。本文认为,出生于不利环境的弱势群体越来越难突破不利环境的约束实现更高努力进而改变命运,因此需要对他们给予适当支持,为他们通过努力改变命运提供畅通渠道,促进机会均等推动共同富裕。     

中国农村居民消费区域差异实证分析

在理论界对农村消费区域研究的基础上,文章对中国农村居民收入和消费水平基本面进行分析,建立指标体系,设计出9个指标对农村居民消费区域进行分类,目的是为了研究并说明不同消费区域之间农村居民消费的实际差异程度,所使用的计量分析方法是主成分分析法。对分类结果进行深入分析,为寻找到区域间差异产生的原因提供分析研究的平台,为研究农村区域竞争力省际比较提供了定量支持,对中央和地方政府政策制定与实施效果评估提供参考。     

中国农村的收入差距与健康

随着收入差距的扩大,收入分配对健康和健康不平等的影响日益受到关注。本文利用中国健康营养调查(CHNS)1997年和2000年农村的面板数据回答两个问题:收入差距对健康的影响以及影响健康的方式;收入差距的扩大是否会导致健康不平等的加剧,尤其是低收入人群的健康是否受到更为不利的影响。研究发现,首先收入差距对健康的影响存在滞后效应;其次,收入差距对健康的影响呈现“倒U”型,在收入差距较高时,收入差距对健康的影响主要为负向的,一个可能的原因是收入差距影响到公共卫生设施的供给。再次,收入差距的扩大会加强收入效应,其含义是如果低收入人群的收入更容易受到负向冲击,那么收入差距对低收入人群的健康更为不利。     

Trade and Rural-Urban Income Inequality: Evidence from China

Using the provincial panel data from 1978 to 2007, this paper makes an empirical analysis of the relationship between international trade and rural-urban income inequality in China. The results show that international trade has a fundamental impact on rural-urban income inequality. For the whole country, the development of international trade from 1978 to 2007 enlarged the rural-urban income gap. During the three different periods (defined in section 3.3), the impact was also noticeable in terms of extent, direction and significance respectively at the national and regional levels. During the three periods, the relationship has an inverted “U” shape for China as a whole, central China and western China, but for eastern China the relationship has a “U” shape. At the same time, exports and imports have different influences on the rural-urban income gap in China, the influences were also different across regions; and the imports has had a more significant influence on these regions than exports has had.     

Consumption Inequality in China: Theory and Evidence from the China Health and Nutrition Survey

We investigate consumption inequality in China both theoretically by constructing a theoretical model that delineates the transmission channels by which income shocks affect consumption and empirically through an Unequally Spaced Dynamic Panel Data model estimation. We find that China is experiencing consumption inequality with the full partial insurance of consumption against both permanent and transitory income shocks, although the impact of both types of shock are larger than the case of the United States. The results are due to precautionary savings motives of the Chinese. We further document how income becomes more dispersed in China and show how the family background of a child affects his outcome to a large extent. Policy implications based on our findings are proposed.     

Foreign Direct Investment and Regional Inequality in China

Foreign direct investment (FDI) is blamed for being one of the main factors widening regional inequality in Chinese regions since it is highly unevenly distributed spatially. If this logic were true, then controlling the scale of FDI could be a solution to reduce regional inequality. However, it is difficult to reconcile the positive effect of FDI on economic growth with its potential "negative" effect on regional inequality. Using the largest panel dataset covering all the Chinese regions over the entire period 1979–2003 and employing an augmented Cobb–Douglas production function, this paper proves that FDI has been an important factor responsible for regional growth differences in China. However, it suggests that FDI cannot be blamed for rising regional inequality. It is the uneven distribution of FDI instead of FDI itself that has caused regional growth differences. The research results have important policy implications on regional development in China relating to FDI.     

中国收入差距的走势和影响因素分析

中国收入差距在过去20年中持续扩大,对经济的持续增长、社会公正与稳定都提出了挑战。本文通过计量模型检验库兹涅茨曲线在中国是否存在,证明收入差距还有继续上升的明显趋势,但其下降阶段不能确证。同时模型分析发现有一系列因素对收入差距的扩大或缩小有重要影响。这包括经济增长方面的因素、收入再分配和社会保障、公共产品和基础设施,以及制度方面的因素。这说明有可能通过合理的政策调整来控制收入差距的继续扩大。文章讨论了这些发现的政策含义。     

Knowledge Disparity and Regional Inequality in Post-reform China

This article investigates China's knowledge disparity and its association with economic inequality, an issue little attended in Chinese regional studies. It focuses on the 1990s, the period when the economic reform and open door policy started to have their full impact on all aspects of social and economic development. The article reveals that knowledge advancement is uneven in China, with a regional pattern similar to economic inequality but also unique in several ways. The association between knowledge disparity and economic inequality is found not to be as strong as one would expect. The implications of the findings in terms of the impact of reform policies are discussed.     

Economic Restructuring and Income Inequality in Urban China

Economic transition from a planned to a market oriented economy is often associated with a widening of income inequality. The nature of this change, however, may differ during different stages of the economic transition. This paper investigates the increase in income inequality in urban China during two phases of economic reform: a moderate reform era (1988–95) and a radical reform era (1995–99). It is found that although income inequality increased considerably during both stages, the nature and causes of the increase are different. In the moderate reform period, the increase in inequality was a result of some parts of society sharing more of the economic gain than others, and the main cause of this inequality is regional income dispersion. During the radical reform period income reductions at the lower end of the distribution is observed, and it is mainly due to the large-scale unemployment generated by labor reallocation.     

Income Mobility and Income Inequality in Rural China

The economic literature has argued for a long time that income mobility could attenuate the degree of cross-sectional inequality by offering people opportunities to improve their socio-economic position. Using the longitudinal data from the China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS) from 1989 to 2011, we measure income mobility as the degree to which longer-term incomes are distributed more or less equally than yearly income. Five main results are emphasized. First, there is strong income mobility in rural China that partly offsets yearly income inequality. Second, income mobility has decreased since the 2000s, indicating that income distribution is becoming more rigid. Third, mobility is mainly associated with transitory income fluctuations, particularly in the two tails of the distribution. Fourth, income mobility has an equalizing effect on income distribution. Fifth, we show that non-agricultural income mobility has substantially increased over the period and that its equalizing nature has also recently increased. While the development of the non-agriculture sector in rural China was a crucial factor in explaining the increase in rural inequality until the mid-2000s, we suggest that the large-scale generalisation of such non-agricultural opportunities partly accounts for the decline in rural inequality observed since the mid-2000s.