Tacit knowledge, the life cycle and international manufacturing transfer

The ease with which a firm can tranfer its manufacturing capability is strongly affected by the transferability of the manufacturing processes involved. A key determinant of transferability is the nature of the knowledge that has accumulated in the transmitting firm. The life cycle model can provide the basis for a discussion of knowledge accumulation, and home for manufacturing process tranferability over time. Drawing upon ideas of tacit knowing, the authors chllenge the assumption that a manufacturing process necessarily becomes more tranferable as it matures. Data drawn from six case studies are used to illustrate how tacit knowledge can aflect the transfer process. The paper concludes with a typology of tacit knowledge in the manufacturing environment, and sugests steps which a firm might take to improve its transfer capability.     

Tacit knowledge

Until recently, the concept of tacit knowledge has been neglected by academics and managers alike, but this has now changed as lacit know-how has become recognized as palying a key role in firm growth and economic competitivenss. Tacit knowledge forms an important element in a firm's knowledge base and has a central role in organizational learning. This analysis stresses the need to view tacit knowledge in a dynamic setting, and that tacit knowledge can be acquired and transferred on a variety of levels: individual, group, firm and inter-firm basis. The paper then explores the policy implications of technology transfer initiatives which seek of shift tacit know-how between firms and analyzes the ways that this can be achieved.     

Tacit knowledge

Until recently, the concept of tacit knowledge has been neglected by academics and managers alike, but this has now changed as lacit know-how has become recognized as palying a key role in firm growth and economic competitivenss. Tacit knowledge forms an important element in a firm's knowledge base and has a central role in organizational learning. This analysis stresses the need to view tacit knowledge in a dynamic setting, and that tacit knowledge can be acquired and transferred on a variety of levels: individual, group, firm and inter-firm basis. The paper then explores the policy implications of technology transfer initiatives which seek of shift tacit know-how between firms and analyzes the ways that this can be achieved.     

经验类隐性知识多阶隐性特征分析与演变模型构建

针对知识管理研究中存在的隐性判据单一问题,提出知识多阶隐性特征,从知识是否可见的单一判据逐阶扩展到结果、过程、情景等多个维度,对隐性知识进行更加明确清晰的界定和划分。然后,基于知识多阶隐性特征,从二维视角研究隐性知识从完全隐性到完全显性演变过程,提出经验类隐性知识演变二维体系模型,进而详细论述演变模型中隐性知识显性化过程的多阶内涵和特征。最后,通过企业实例验证模型的适用性和有效性,研究结论对于企业知识管理中的隐性知识表征、获取、共享等应用型研究具有重要意义。     

关系与结构洞的碰撞：科技成果转化中的隐性知识转化

透过关系填充结构洞视角,探索在中国特殊儒家文化背景下,关系如何缓解结构洞对隐性知识转化的阻碍作用,进而提升高校科技成果转化效率。通过对江苏省310名员工的问卷调查和社会网络分析,以及对60名员工的半结构化访谈发现,在高校科技成果转化过程中,结构洞会阻碍团队成员间的隐性知识转化,而关系能够促进隐性知识转化;关系能够缓解结构洞对隐性知识转化的阻碍作用,进而促进隐性知识转化;促进隐性知识转化能够提升高校科技成果转化效率。最后提出运用关系鼓励结构洞占据者填充其结构洞,连结两边不认识的个体,以促进整个网络的隐性知识转化,推动高校科技成果转化。     

内生增长框架下的中小企业和我国经济增长稳定

稳定中国经济高速增长的措施除了扩大国内需求之外,还可以从供给的角度考虑中小企业的作用。中小企业在国民经济总量中的重大贡献和中小企业内部管理不足的矛盾是影响我国经济增长趋于不稳定的一个重要因素。理论和实证分析结果表明,企业家知识溢出能力是决定企业私人知识边际产出的重要因素,中小企业主缺乏企业家的知识溢出能力是导致人均产出份额低于总量产出份额的主要原因。本文结论是我国要加大中小企业内部管理投入,促进中小企业主向企业家的实质性转变,提高中小企业主的知识产出能力,用以提高中小企业资源的使用效率,从而提高我国要素的整体使用效率,最终为稳定我国高速经济增长提供一个长远动力。     

The role of tacit knowledge in connecting knowledge exchange and combination with innovation

Using the Resource-Based View, this paper aims to provide a better understanding of the effect of knowledge on innovation. With this general aim in mind, we relate knowledge’s nature (tacit vs. explicit) and process (e.g. knowledge exchange and combination) to innovation. Using a sample of 105 innovative firms, we find a positive linear effect of tacit knowledge on innovation and a curvilinear relationship between knowledge exchange and combination and innovation. We also find a moderating effect of tacit knowledge on the curvilinear relationship between knowledge exchange and combination and innovation. We speculate on our findings and connect them to previous theory.     

Networks, Knowledge and Power: Decision Making, Politics and the Process of Innovation

This paper examines the highly political nature of innovation appropriation processes. The central focus is on the role of networks, networking, and knowledge in these processes. The data presented is drawn from two case study companies, both of which were implementing Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) systems. While formal, hierarchical authority was found to be an important contextual factor, shaping the appropriation processes examined, it was found that such authority was not automatically translatable into actual power. In terms of knowledge and networks, the paper concludes that they were inextricably inter-related, largely because the typically tacit nature of much relevant knowledge required the development of networks to access and utilize it. The paper further concluded that the use of both networks, and knowledge in the innovation appropriation processes examined had a dual character. They could not only provide access to relevant knowledge and artefacts, but could also be used as political tools in support of particular interests.     

From Know-how to Show-how? Questioning the Role of Information and Communication Technologies in Knowledge Transfer

This paper explores and critically reviews the ability of Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) to improve the transferability of knowledge. The aim here is to look beyond knowledge transfer at a general level. By distinguishing between codified knowledge and tacit knowledge, a more thorough understanding of knowledge transfer is sought, and in particular of the role of ICTs in this process. ICTs favour the transfer of knowledge that can be codified and reduced to data. Of central concern here is what role, if any, do ICTs have in the transfer of tacit knowledge? This paper raises issues concerning the relationship between knowledge transfer, ICTs and trust.     

"传染病模型"在隐性知识传播中的应用

隐性知识是形成企业核心竞争力的基础和源泉,隐性知识传播机制的准确把握是对隐性知识进行有效管理的关键。在比较隐性知识传播过程及传染病传播过程的基础上,阐述了用"传染病模型"研究隐性知识传播机制的可行性,建立了员工隐性知识传播的"传染病模型",并模拟了华安公司隐性知识的传播过程,提出了提高该公司隐性知识传播效率的措施。     

Knowledge, consumption, and endogenous growth

In neoclassical theory, knowledge generates increasing returns – and therefore growth – because it is a public good that can be costlessly reused once created. In fact, however, much knowledge in the economy is actually tacit and not easily transmitted –and thus not an obvious source of increasing returns. Several writers have responded to this alarming circumstances by affirming hopefully that knowledge today is increasingly codified, general, and abstract – and increasingly less tacit. This paper disputes such a trend. But all is not lost: for knowledge does not have to be codified to be reused and therefore to generate economic growth.     

授权型领导对员工隐性知识分享的影响机制

在环境不确定性和内外部资源约束情境下，知识管理对于企业成长与发展变得愈发重要。从心理授权视角出发，探讨了授权型领导与员工隐性知识分享的关系，并以角色认同与自我归类理论为基础，进一步研究了内部人身份感知与职场友谊在以上关系中的作用。基于276份“主管-员工”配对数据的实证结果表明：授权型领导对员工隐性知识分享具有显著正向预测效果；内部人身份感知在授权型领导与隐性知识分享之间起到部分中介作用；职场友谊正向调节内部人身份感知与隐性知识分享间的关系，即职场友谊水平越高，内部人身份感知对员工隐性知识分享的正向作用越强。     

Networks,Knowledge and Power: Decision Making,Politics and the Process of Innovation

This paper examines the highly political nature of innovation appropriation processes. The central focus is on the role of networks, networking, and knowledge in these processes. The data presented is drawn from two case study companies, both of which were implementing Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) systems. While formal, hierarchical authority was found to be an important contextual factor, shaping the appropriation processes examined, it was found that such authority was not automatically translatable into actual power. In terms of knowledge and networks, the paper concludes that they were inextricably inter-related, largely because the typically tacit nature of much relevant knowledge required the development of networks to access and utilize it. The paper further concluded that the use of both networks, and knowledge in the innovation appropriation processes examined had a dual character. They could not only provide access to relevant knowledge and artefacts, but could also be used as political tools in support of particular interests.     

基于知识管理与TRIZ方法的创新设计平台

通过营建企业交流空间的方法,可充分挖掘企业内部隐性知识,并利用所构建的强大网络系统,智能搜索企业外部同行业知识,实现企业隐性知识向显性知识的转化,形成企业知识库。在此基础上,通过知识地图和企业知识CAI学习软件将企业知识管理平台中的显性知识转化为员工隐性知识,还可增加企业创新的源动力。为进一步辅助企业创新设计,将所建知识管理平台与TRIZ方法结合,借鉴TRIZ方法解决问题的思路,设计出基于知识管理与TRIZ方法的计算机辅助创新平台框架。     

Transferring exploration and production activities within the UK's upstream oil and gas industry: a capabilities perspective

Following Richardson (1972), capabilities comprise tacit, personal, subjective and context-specific knowledge that may be shared in practice only with difficulty across small, task oriented groups within firms or other types of organisation, and are expressed in the form of activities. The definition has been influential, and its focus on tacit knowledge has, arguably, encouraged research activities in the form of studies adopting experimental and simulation techniques, while providing less impetus for complementary empirical inquiry. This paper presents an empirical inquiry into an aspect of the development of capabilities in the UK's upstream oil and gas industry promoted by the changing organisation of activities across oil companies and contracting and supply companies. The main argument is that researchers can gain partial and subjective access to capabilities – distinct from activities – because individuals involved in the industry articulate and codify understandings of capabilities through practical theorising and commercial experimenting. Such articulation and codification plays an important role in the development of capabilities in industrial contexts.     

虚拟组织网络规模、网络结构对合作创新绩效的作用机制——知识资源获取的中介效应

基于开放式创新视角,以231家企业作为样本,实证检验虚拟组织网络规模、网络结构通过知识资源获取路径对合作创新绩效的作用机理。结果表明,网络规模对显性知识资源获取、合作创新绩效有显著正向影响;网络中心性对显性知识资源获取、隐性知识资源获取与合作创新绩效有显著正向影响;网络规模对隐性知识资源获取的影响不显著;显性知识资源获取在网络规模与合作创新绩效关系中发挥完全中介效应;隐性知识资源获取在网络中心性与合作创新绩效关系中发挥完全中介效应。结论可为丰富和完善虚拟组织持续创新理论及创新绩效理论奠定重要基础,具有实践应用价值。     

高新技术企业内隐性知识分享影响研究

隐性知识分享是高新技术企业知识创造的起点和关键,只有隐性知识为高新技术企业员工所分享,才能创造和维持高新技术企业的竞争优势.本文从社会网络的视角,探讨对高新技术企业内部隐性知识分享产生影响的五种社会关系网络,构建模型并选择某通信公司客户服务中心某一部门进行调研访谈以获取相关数据,利用Ucinet软件进行回归分析以确定影响程度.研究结果表明这五种社会关系网络均对隐性知识分享存在显著正影响,其中情感网络的影响最大,其次为信任网络、工具性网络、认知网络,影响最小的是工作流网络.     

基于知识螺旋的企业集群内生创新与影响机制分析

以知识螺旋模型为基础,分析企业集群内生创新机理,包括集群内部个体间的知识扩散、个体内部隐性知识和显性知识的相互作用产生知识创新过程,用以揭示集群创新的本质;进一步探讨了集群内生创新的影响机制,包括知识积累、融合的触发机制和动力机制、知识螺旋再开发的实施机制。     

隐性知识管理下的组织文化建设

知识是新经济的象征,在经济增长中发挥日益重要的作用。知识管理也必然成为新经济时代的要求,在组织管理中 占据主流地位。在知识管理中,隐性知识的管理是难点之所在,隐性知识分享对企业、组织和社会具有重要性,而组织文化是 影响隐性知识分享的因素之一,本文的落脚点就是要建立有利于隐性知识分享的组织文化。     

企业的知识创造及情报服务

本文根据若干知识经济的论著，对四种类型的知识从认识论角度来对比说明其明晰知识和隐含知识的特点，着重说明企业也是人类知识，尤其是隐含知识的重要来源，企业在知识传播与利用、在技术的投资及技术创新中具有的重要作用；最后提到，知识经济中，知识的生产、传播与交流形成了知识网络，并与技术创新的网络结构相一致。促进创新需要各行动者——企业、实验室、研究机构及消费者之间的联系，这种联系和企业的竞争又促使以信息分析为基础的商业情报服务业的发展。