生态经济学在实践中的新发展

从学科的基本性质看,生态经济学是门实用性很强的技术基础理论学科,它提供了过去许多单一学科(包括生态学和经济学)无法解决的生态经济问题的一种新思想的新方祛,从而为人类调整资源利用的行为,实现生态——经济——资源——环境关系协调发展提供了广泛的可能. 生态经济学是在人类为寻求缓解经济发展与资源环境保护之间尖锐矛盾的客观需要中产生的,也只有     

社会生态学与生态经济学——简评《社会生态学与协同发展论》

社会生态学是研究人类社会的生态关系及其规律性的科学,它所关注的许多社会、生态与经济问题,同样也是生态经济学必然要面对的一些基本问题,原因在于生态经济学原本就是社会生态学专门研究社会经济的学科领域,是社会生态学的诸多分支学科和新的发展方向之一。因此,随着社会生态学的建构与发展,生态经济学等相关的学科领域和研究方向定将迎来全新的发展。同时,只有切实实施协同发展的战略方针,才能保持社会生态系统的良性运转与循环,确保社会生态系统的平衡与优化,实现人类社会的均衡发展。因此,社会生态学的研究和协同发展论的创立,对于全面贯彻落实科学发展观、构建和谐社会和建设生态文明等,无疑有着积极的促进作用,从而具有重要的现实意义和科学意义。     

论“生态经济学”的跨学科特征

生态经济学作为跨越生态学与经济学的交叉学科，既不能简单地将其还原为生态学在经济领域的拓展，也不能将其视为新古典经济学在环境领域的一个分支。立足于人类社会的实践本质，从人化自然与人类社会之间的互动关系出发，从哲学的视角检视生态经济学的研究对象、研究方法、研究的目的与发展方向，试图为生态经济学的发展奠定学科基础，以推动其健康发展。     

产业生态学的一种经济学解释

通过分析产业生态学的理论发展历程及其基本原理,为产业生态学、产业共生系统两个学科基本概念提出崭新的释义。同时结合中国实际国情,论证了生态工业园如何通过运用产业生态学理论实现规模经济与竞争活力的耦合,为产业生态学提供了经济学理论支撑。从这种角度,我们可以把产业生态学理解为研究地区产业关联的经济学科。     

“生态人”假设——生态经济学的逻辑起点

一、生态经济——可持续的经济发展模式1 生态经济与传统经济的比较 1968年,美国经济学家鲍尔丁首先提出了把生态学与经济学结合起来的生态经济思想,并引发了生态经济学作为一门新学科的建立与兴起。生态经济思想的产生是基于经济发展与生态环境的矛盾,是对传统经济学的反思。传统经济学把生态系统作为经济系统的一个外生变量,没有纳入经济分析的范畴。这里隐含的前提条件是:自然资源对经济系统的供给能力是无限的,总是能满足经济过程的需要;同时,环境对废物的吸纳能力也是无限的,社会经济活动产生的废弃物和生活垃圾都可以免费倾倒到环境中…     

关于生态学的深层思考

本文探讨了生态学定义的演变过程以及几个需要思考的热点问题,认为生态学研究的是有机体与环境之间的相互关系,是一门独立于生物学之外的基础学科,是复杂系统内在规律的本质反映;生态学在学科分类体系中应为一级学科;生态学是一门自然科学,但具有亚哲学的性质,可称之为科学哲学;生态与经济是一个统一体,自然生态学是经济学的理论基础,经济学是生态学在人类社会的具体体现.上述观点和思想的提出对促进我国生态学的理论及应用研究具有十分重要的科学意义.     

美国学派的生态经济思想及启示

19世纪的美国学派是西方现代生态经济学的真正先驱。美国学派从多维度的角度出发,系统阐述了生态经济学的核心思想。其思想深度远远超越了建立在西方主流经济学方法论基础上的现代生态经济学。美国学派不仅较早地实现了生态学与经济学的融合,而且提出了更加合理的可持续发展观,并从国际贸易视角阐释了生态危机的根源,从工农协调、城乡平衡、区域平衡等角度寻求解决生态问题的对策。美国学派的生态经济先驱思想对解决目前我国的生态经济问题依然具有借鉴意义。     

困惑 启示 生态热：我对生态经济学的认识与实践

生态经济学是一门新兴学科,由于人们在工作中违背了自然规律和经济规律而招致自然报复的深刻教训,迫使人们认识到应用生态学、生态经济学的原理来指导我国经济建设的重要性和迫切性。我是一个农村干部,从参加革命到1992年离休,没有离开过楚雄彝族自治州,而且大部分时间是在农林部门度过的,我对生态经济学的认识是经历了盲目困惑、科学启示、带头实践、生态和经济必须结合、生态经济建设是振兴经济、治贫治灾的必由之路等五个阶段。现在我虽然退休了,但我仍将做     

论人口、资源与环境经济学学科构架的理论基础

人口、资源与环境经济学是一门正在形成中的横跨生态学、经济学、社会学、战略学和法学的新兴学科。构建这一学科体系的理论基础是什么?人口、资源与环境之间及其经济运行过程是否具有内在的本质的联系?至今还未获得令人满意的答案。提出由物质本源论构建起人口、资源与环境经济学的广义物质变换理论基础;由社会发展构成要素论构建科学发展观的认识论基础;由广义经济学和人口、资源与环境之间的转换、循环、代谢与平衡理论构建人口、资源与环境经济学的学科理论体系的理论思路。试图揭示人口、资源与环境问题的实质,以期从根本上解决构建人口、资源与环境经济学学科的理论基石问题。     

论生态经济学主流化的障碍

生态经济学的理论和方法正越来越多地在社会经济实践中得到应用,但生态经济学目前仍然远离经济学的主流。本文认为,只有正确解决“经济人”假设,与传统经济学理论的整合以及准确地进行学科定位等重大问题,同时不断丰富完善生态经济学的内容体系,才有可能实现生态经济学的主流化。     

产业生态：产业经济学研究的第四个领域

产业活动与环境的冲突成为现代产业经济学研究的一个新课题。产业生态作为产业经济学研究的一个重要组成部分,既为解决资源与环境问题提供了破解,也丰富了产业经济学理论体系,是对产业经济学的创新性研究。论文将产业生态作为产业经济学研究的第四个研究领域,与产业组织、产业结构、产业区域有机结合起来,构建了产业经济学理论框架,对产业生态理论与实践进行了探索。     

Sustaining sustainability science: The role of established inter-disciplines

The establishment of new interdisciplinary fields such as ecological economics, human ecology or technology assessment can be interpreted as a logical consequence of striving for new sustainability sciences that address current global, multi-dimensional and multi-scale challenges. These set out to bridge the gap between the natural and the social sphere, between scientific analysis and societal action. This paper aims at re-assessing the contribution of established inter-disciplines to sustainable development. Journal articles of ecological economics, technology assessment and science and technology studies are evaluated and compared along several proposed features of sustainability science. The results converge in two crucial aspects. (1) Concise societal or political recommendations are not part of present day ‘normal science’, be it a disciplinary or an explicitly interdisciplinary research context. (2) Participatory exercises are rarely applied as a socio-politically embedded practice, despite a high interest in such exercises as an object of study and discussion.     

Water scarcity, social power and the production of an elite suburb: The political ecology of water in Matadepera, Catalonia

This article investigates the history of land and water transformations in Matadepera, a wealthy suburb of metropolitan Barcelona. Analysis is informed by theories of political ecology and methods of environmental history; although very relevant, these have received relatively little attention within ecological economics. Empirical material includes communications from the City Archives of Matadepera (1919-1979), 17 interviews with locals born between 1913 and 1958, and an exhaustive review of grey historical literature. Existing water histories of Barcelona and its outskirts portray a battle against natural water scarcity, hard won by heroic engineers and politicians acting for the good of the community. Our research in Matadepera tells a very different story. We reveal the production of a highly uneven landscape and waterscape through fierce political and power struggles. The evolution of Matadepera from a small rural village to an elite suburb was anything but spontaneous or peaceful. It was a socio-environmental project well intended by landowning elites and heavily fought by others. The struggle for the control of water went hand in hand with the land and political struggles that culminated - and were violently resolved - in the Spanish Civil War. The displacement of the economic and environmental costs of water use from few to many continues to this day and is constitutive of Matadepera's uneven and unsustainable landscape. By unravelling the relations of power that are inscribed in the urbanization of nature (Swyngedouw, 2004), we question the perceived wisdoms of contemporary water policy debates, particularly the notion of a natural scarcity that merits a technical or economic response. We argue that the water question is fundamentally a political question of environmental justice; it is about negotiating alternative visions of the future and deciding whose visions will be produced.     

金融生态中的法律制度探讨--一个新制度经济学的角度

在金融生态建设中,完善法律制度是改进金融生态的重中之重.本文运用新制度经济学的相关理论,阐释了中国金融生态环境法制缺陷的深层次原因是没有真正实现从"人治"、"权治"到"法治"的根本转变,以及非正式约束与市场经济还存在诸多的矛盾,金融生态环境建设的核心是法律制度建设.当前我国金融生态建设的首要问题应以完善金融产权为核心,以强化信用秩序为重点,改善金融主体法律制度.     

信用的生态学诠释与信用生态链的构建

生态学有逐渐与经济学相渗透、相融合的趋势，从而扩展了经济学的研究边界。本文从生态学的视角对信用加以研究，首先介绍了信用生态的理论内涵，其次研究了良好的社会信用生态环境的评价标准，最后对构建和谐的社会信用生态链提出了具体的对策措施。     

郑州黄河湿地自然保护区湿地生态功能机制及生态效益价值研究

根据湿地的生态功能机制,本研究定量估算出郑州黄河湿地年生态效益为50.379亿元,这对开展郑州黄河湿地自然保护区的建设和保护内陆省会郑州的生态安全具有重要的意义。     

From groundless universalism to grounded generalism: improving ecological economic indicators of human–environmental interaction

Ecological economics occasionally makes universal claims about how to understand and measure change in systems of human–environmental interaction. In terms of environmental policy, one of the most influential universal concepts that has come out of the ecological economics literature recently is ecological efficiency (or eco-efficiency). This article uses eco-efficiency as a vehicle to illustrate that universal indicators of human–environmental interaction are theoretically unfounded and practically problematic. Population ecology and neo-classical economics are identified as two theoretical approaches that have contributed to the emergence of universal concepts such as eco-efficiency. The limited applicability of the approaches is highlighted by putting them in comparative context with approaches that make less universal claims, namely, systems ecology and institutional economics. Investigating indicators of human–environmental interaction from disciplinary perspectives that are rarely found in indicator literature offers novel insights on what indicators are for and how they should be applied. The article concludes with a call for scale sensitive generalization in the development of future indicators.     

基于二元经济结构视角下的中国城乡收入差距

中国城乡收入差距扩大的趋势令人担忧。二元经济结构是造成城乡收入差距的较为突出的因素。本文借助西方发展经济学的理论和我国二元经济结构的实际,从理论和实证的角度分析我国二元经济结构对我国城乡收入差距的影响,本文的分析对建设社会主义新农村和建设和谐社会有一定的启示。     

Relative and absolute scarcity of nature. Assessing the roles of economics and ecology for biodiversity conservation

Our aim in this essay is to identify and analyze some of the difficulties with interdisciplinary integration of economic and ecological contributions to the study of biodiversity loss. We develop our analysis from a widely accepted definition of economics which is based on the concept of scarcity. Taking a closer look at this notion, we find that economics actually limits itself to a very particular aspect of scarcity, which we denote as relative scarcity. We describe in what respect the economic approach towards biodiversity is based on this notion, and also reflect on the specific understanding of the relation of humans and nature behind the economic approach. We then turn to absolute scarcity as another notion of scarcity, and show that this is not within the scope of economics, but has been a theme of ecology and ecological economics. We describe in which way ecological and ecological–economic approaches towards biodiversity are based on the idea of absolute scarcity, and also reflect on the specific understanding of the human–nature relationship behind this notion of scarcity. Against this background, we discuss the roles of economics and ecology for nature conservation. We conclude that the interdisciplinary integration of ecology and economics requires a philosophical underpinning, and suggest a framework for further research.     

The turn in recent economics and return of orthodoxy

This paper examines change on the economics research frontier,and asks whether the current competition between new researchprogrammes may be supplanted by a new single dominant approachin the future. The paper discusses whether economics tends tobe dominated by a single approach or reflect a pluralism ofapproaches, and argues that, historically, it has alternatedbetween the two. It argues that orthodoxy usually emerges fromheterodoxy, and interprets the division between orthodoxy andheterodoxy in terms of a core–periphery distinction. Regardingrecent economics, the paper maps out two different types ofcombinations of new research programmes as being synchronicor diachronic in nature. It treats the new research programmesas a new kind of heterodoxy, and asks how a new orthodoxy mightarise out of this new heterodoxy and traditional heterodoxy.It discusses this question by advancing two views regardinghow to different types of combinations in the new research programmesmight consolidate along the lines of three shared commitmentswith traditional heterodoxy to form a new orthodoxy in economics.