Short Reviews

NORMAN GEMMELL, (ed.) Surveys in Development Economics , Oxford, Basil Blackwell, 1987
JAMES TOBIN, edited by peter Jackson, Policies for Prosperity: Essays in a Keynesian Mode , Brighton, Wheatsheaf, 1987
JOHN HUDSON, Unemployment After Keynes: Towards a New General Theory , Hemel Hempstead, Prentice-Hall, 1988
J. L. BAXTER Social and Psychological Foundations of Economic Analysis . Hemel Hempstead, Harvester-Wheatsheaf, 1988
BURTON A. WEISBROD, The Nonprofit Economy , Cambridge, Mass. and London, Harvard University Press, 1988
MACDONALD, RONALD. Floating Exchange Rates: Theories and Evidence , London, Unwin Hyman.     

Topologies of social interactions

Summary. The paper extends the Brock-Durlauf social interactions model to richer social structures modelled with arbitrary interaction topologies and examines in detail the star, the wheel and the path. It explores Nash equilibria when agents act on the basis of expectations over, and, alternatively, actual knowledge their neighbors’ decisions. It links social interactions with econometrics of systems of simultaneous equations. The local dynamics near steady states combine spectral properties of the adjacency matrix and of the nonlinearities of reaction functions. For regular interaction topologies, adjustment exhibit relative persistence. Cyclical interaction is associated with endogenous spatial oscillations and islands of conformity.Received: 12 August 2004, Revised: 20 May 2005, JEL Classification Numbers: C35, C45, C00, D80.I am grateful to a referee and the editor for very insightful comments and suggestions, and to the National Science Foundation and the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation for generous research support. I thank Frank Alexander, Costas Azariadis, Kenneth J. Arrow, Jean-Pierre Aubin, Rob Axtell, Marcelo Bianconi, Larry Blume, Buz Brock, Marcelo Coca-Perraillon, Steven Durlauf, Glenn D. Ellison, Roland Fryer, Hans Haller, Anna Hardman, Alan Kirman, Alexandros Kyrtsis, Chuck Manski, Costas Meghir, Sharun Mukand, Lynne Pepall, Apostolis Philippopoulos, Danny T. Quah, Bertrand Roehner, Jose A. Scheinkman, Adriaan Soetevent, Dimitri Vayanos, Peyton Young, Gerard Weisbuch, Jeff Zabel and other participants in presentations of earlier versions at the joint Brookings and MacArthur Research Network on Social Interactions and Economic Inequality, the Athens University of Economics and Business, the University of Texas-Austin, ASSET 2001 in Rethymno, the Connectionist Complexity Workshop, Institut Henri Poincaré, Paris, 2003, and the North American meeting of the Econometric Society, San Diego, CA., 2004.     

Book Reviews

Book reviewed in this article:
Winters, L. Alan, ed., Foundations of an Open Economy: Trade laws and Institutions for Eastern Europe
Åslund, Anders, ed., Russian-Economic Reform at Risk
Chang, Ha-Joon & Nolan, Peter, eds., The Transformation of the Communist Economies. Against the Mainstream
Faini, Riccardo & Portes, Richard, eds., European Union Trade with Eastern Europe: Adjustment and Opportunities
Howell, John, Understanding Eastern Europe: The Context of Change
Csaba, László, The Capitalist Revolution in Eastern Europe. A Contribution to the Economic Theory of Systemic Change
Boycko, Maxim, Shleifer, Andrei and Vishny, Robert, Privatizing Russia
Hardt, John P. & Kaufman, Richard R., eds., East-Central European Economies in Transition
Jackson, Marvin, Koltay, Jenö & Biesbrouck, Wouter, eds., Unemployment and Evolving Labour Markets in Central and Eastern Europe
Commander, Simon & Coricelli, Fabrizio, eds., Unemployment, Restructuring and the Labor Market in Eastern Europe and Russia     

Short Reviews

PHILIP ARESTIS (ed.), Post-Keynesian Monetary Economics: New Approaches to Financial Modelling , Aldershot, Edward Elgar
M. W. JONES-LEE, The Economics of Safety and Physical Risk , Oxford, Basil Blackwell, 1989
JOHN EATWELL, MURRAY MILGATE AND PETER NEWMAN (eds), The New Palgrave: General Equilibrium , London, Macmillan, 1989
JOHN EATWELL, MURRAY MILGATE AND PETER NEWMAN (eds), The New Palgrave: Money , London, Macmillan, 1989
DANIEL F. SPULBER, Regulation and Markets , Cambridge, Mass., MIT Press,
ROBERT G. CHAMBERS, Applied Production Analysis: a Dual Approach , Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1988
STEPHEN PUDNEY, Modelling Individual Choice: the Econometrics of Corners, Kinks and Holes , Oxford, Basil Blackwell, 1989
A. P. THIRLWALL, Growth and Development: with Special Reference to Developing Economies fourth edition, London, Macmillan, 1989
JACK HIRSHLEIFER, Time, Uncertainty and Information , Oxford, Basil Blackwell, 1989     

SHORT REVIEWS

JOSEPH S. BERLINER, Soviet Industry from Stalin to Gorbachev Aldershot, Edward Elgar
WILLIAM J. BAUMOL AND WALLACE E. OATES, The Theory of Environmental Policy , Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1988
EAMONN BUTLER, Ludwig von Mises: Fountainhead of the Modern Microeconomics Revolution , Aldershot, Gower, 1988
F. A. HAYEK, The Fatal Conceit: The Errors of Socialism , ed. W. W. Bartley III, London, Routledge, 1988
MICHAEL KEATING, The City That Refused to Die. Glasgow: the politics of urban regeneration , Aberdeen, Aberdeen University Press
BRIAN TEW, The Evolution of the International Monetary System 1945–88 , London, Hutchison, 1988
BRIAN J. LOASBY, The Mind and Method of the Economist: Critical Appraisal of Major Economists in the Twentieth Century , Aldershot, Edward Elgar,
ERIC RASMUSEN, Games and Information: an Introduction to Game Theory , Oxford, Basil Blackwell, 1989     

Book Reviews

Books reviewed:
Trade and Industrial Policy under International Oligopoly, by Sajal Lahiri and Yoshiyasu Ono, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004, pp. xxi, 151; index Reviewed by Carl Davidson Department of Economics, 6A Marshall Hall, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA. Tel: 517-355-7756; Fax: 517-432-1068; E-mail: davidso4@msu.edu
Currency Crises: a Theoretical and Empirical Perspective, by André Fourçans and Raphaël Franck, North Hampton, MA: Edward Elgar Publishing Inc., 2003, pp. xvi, 258; index Reviewed by Sunghyun Henry Kim Department of Economics, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA. E-mail: sunghyun.kim@tufts.edu
The Economics and Ideology of Free Trade: an Historical Review, by Leonard Gomes, Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar, 2003, pp. 350, $120.00 Reviewed by Farhad Rassekh Department of Economics, University of Hartford, West Hartford, CT 06117, USA. Tel: 860-768-5007; Fax: 860-768-4911; E-mail: rassekh@hartford.edu     

中国货币市场:结构视角的经济分析

经济体制改革以来中国货币市场经历了从分散无序到统一规范,再到创新与高速增长继而回归平稳等多个发展阶段,初步构建了一个多元化子市场体系。从不同维度的市场构成变迁看,中国货币市场在产品发行和交易结构失衡且不平稳的背景下,存在交易过度集中化、资金流向结构单一等问题,颇具中国特色。体制转型及特有的信贷管理体制等多重制度约束下的市场功能定位的异化及阶段性转变是导致其结构变迁最为重要的原因。改善子市场体系构成的同时适度打通货币市场与资本市场间的资金连通渠道是促进中国货币市场发展的应有之义。     

Book reviews

Book reviewed in this article:
Aganbegyan, Abel; Bogomolov, Oleg; Kaser, Michael
Herr, Hansjoerg; Tober, Silke; West-phal, Andreas
Sachs, Jeffrey, Poland's Jump to the Market Economy
Earle, John S.; Frydman, Roman; Rapaczynski, Andrzej; Turkewitz, Joel (with contributions from Carla Kruga, Jan Mladek, Tatiana Nemeth and Anthony Sinclair)
Laszlo Somogyi, ed., The Political Economy of the Transition Process in Eastern Europe     

禀赋不均、信任水平与财富增长——来自实验经济学的证据

财富分配的严重不均会引发一系列社会问题,其中容易被忽视却非常重要的一个是社会信任水平的下降,而信任水平的下降不利于社会发展与财富增长。本文运用实验经济学方法,通过在动态的信任博弈实验中引入一个真实努力任务,研究了不同来源和不同程度的禀赋不均对信任水平的影响,进而考察了不同形式的禀赋不均是否通过信任传导机制造成了不同速度的财富增长和新的财富分布。本文的实验结果发现,相比于完全平等的初始禀赋分布,当初始禀赋分布存在较低程度的不平等时,平均信任水平较高且财富增长较快。但初始的禀赋不平等达到一个较高的程度时,平均信任水平和财富增长速度会显著下降。同时,当初始禀赋存在不平等时,基尼系数会自发地降低,当按劳分配的机制造成的初始禀赋差距过大时,就会抑制基尼系数的自发调节。当且仅当初始禀赋差距过高时,禀赋不平等的来源会影响财富差距的调整。     

Personality and prediction

Though all human perceptions and actions are shaped by personality differences, little attention has been given by futurists or psychologists to the influence of personality on forecasting. This article examines relevant psychological studies and reports the results of a new study of the relation of a reasonably comprehensive set of personality differences to political and economic forecasting and to both short- and long-term social forecasting. Variables of personality investigated include optimism, pessimism, skepticism, risk-taking, extroversion, introversion, intuition, imagination, fantasizing, internal versus external locus of control, alienation, anomie, trust versus defensiveness, orderliness versus lack of compulsion, social conformity versus rebelliousness, activity versus lack of energy, emotional stability versus neuroticism, masculinity versus femininity (tough- versus tenderminded), empathy versus egocentrism, intelligence, and variables of morality and social sense, including violence accepting versus violence abhorring, cooperation versus competition, psychosocial attainment versus personal aggrandizement, rights of people versus rights of property, and beliefs in racial and sexual equality.     

市场经济下铁路企业物资管理探讨

物资管理是一门科学,它需要专业化的管理。为此,铁路企业的做法是:建立企业内部物资管理人才中心,不断根据形势的发展需要进行培训,提高人才的专业素质,强化责任意识。加强物资计划管理,努力降低物资供应成本,健全规章制度,明晰岗位责任。实施激励和奖惩机制,再造物资管理流程,强化供应链的管理,提高物流效率。实现了物资采购、储存、供应、使用、结算相互监督,相互管控的管理模式,避免了徇私舞弊现象,改进了服务质量。对铁路企业管理的创新,优化起到了事半功倍的作用,为铁路企业管理规范化、科学化和现代化建设奠定了坚实的基础。     

产品架构演变机理：多视角整合性文献综述

产品架构是产品创新的根基。不同于静态模块化架构设定，产品架构演变既涉及架构自身，也关乎所处环境。然而，目前关于产品架构演变的机理仍缺乏系统性认识，亟需通过多视角和整合性文献综述，理解和把握产品架构演变全貌。依据情境—过程—内容—目的范式，分别完成相对独立的多视角（设计、战略、知识、决策）文献透视及整合性框架构建。结果表明，产品架构演变在情境上包括组织内、组织间、组织上3类抉择，在流程上包括组织内沟通、组织间关系、组织上融合3类情形，在内容上表现为形态转换、属性变化、构造变动、架构成长4种类型，在目的上包括创新战略、产品升级、研发策略、创新来源4个方面；整合性框架相对于各视角而言具有整体性、适应性、能动性、开放性等系统优势。最后，从多视角和整合性框架两个层面挑战出发，分别给出未来研究方向建议。     

Book Reviews

Books reviewed:
Grzegorz W., Kolodko, Post-Communist Transition: The Thorny Road
Andrzej, Kozminski and George, Yip, Strategies for Central and Eastern Europe
Vojmir, Franicevic and Milica, Uvalic, Equality, Participation, Transition Essays in Honour of Branko Horvat
Jan, Adam, Social Cost of Transformation to a Market Economy in Post-Socialist Countries; The Cases of Poland, the Czech Republic and Hungary
Irwin, Collier; Herwig, Roggemann; Oliver, Scholz and Horst, Tomann, Welfare States in Transition: East and West     

创业团队簇协同创新策略构建研究

为响应多团队协同创业与创新交互过程中出现的多层次协同关系管理需求,系统梳理了创业团队簇的协同创新策略框架。通过整理主体与行为、过程与要素、空间与机制的三维协同研究进展,概括提出创业团队簇的网络化协同要点,并据此提炼出协同创新策略的概念内涵及呈现的导向性、规范性和效能性三层面实践属性。在此基础上,提出导向型、规范与交互型、效能型维度的协同策略分析框架,并从群体、环境、机会、能力及整合5个协同层次,给出创业团队簇协同创新策略的基本构成与管理内涵。     

首都经济圈八大经济形态的比较与启示： 伦敦、巴黎、东京、首尔与北京

当代各国首都的经济结构一般都具有八个组成要素：服务、总部、知识、绿色、园区、临轨、临空和临港。首都经济总是先经历极化效应,然后再转向扩散效应,最终在一定区域内形成首都圈经济。本文通过可比和可获得数据的收集整理,比较了北京与伦敦、巴黎、首尔和东京四个国际性首都圈,在服务经济、总部经济、知识经济、绿色经济、园区经济、临轨经济、临空经济和临港经济等八个方面的发展变化。运用极差阈值法综合比较后发现：北京作为首都经济单体,发展具有一定实力,排名居中;但若把京津冀作为首都经济圈与之比较,则发展排名最后。目前严峻的现实是：单靠北京自身力量已经难以化解大城市病,只有实现京津冀一体化协同发展,即建立全域性的首都圈经济,才能实现首都经济结构优化升级。     

徽州文化古迹价值综合评价

徽州文化古迹包括古民居、古祠堂、古牌坊、社屋、庙宇庵堂、古树、古桥、古水圳、古堨坝、古井、古水塘、古水口、古塔、古墓等,类型多样,分布广泛。根据文化古迹的美学价值、适用价值、旅游开发价值等综合评价,提出文化古迹的保护和开发利用途径,以促使徽州文化古迹价值的提升和更好地采取有效的保护和开发利用措施,促进旅游业的发展。     

面向交易的电子商务理论与实践的综合分析框架——电子商务三维分析模型

电子商务理论与实践的发展都亟待业界提出一个能为研究提供基础并可有效指导应用的合理而扎实的综合分析框架。本文提出的三维综合框架是基于商务链——一个由商品与市场准备、展示、沟通、谈判、签约、支付、配送、售后服务八大节点和信息流、商流、资金流、物流、信用流、人员流等组成的框架;电子商务应用模式——包括业务、经营、管理、技术、资金、信用——风险模式和B2C,B2B等电子商务商务业态概念模型组成的。其四种静态拓展模型可分别对理论研究或实践起到指导作用,而动态拓展模型则将电子商务项目策划的思路清晰化。     

The probability of violating Arrow’s conditions

Arrow’s impossibility theorem shows that all preference aggregation rules (PARs) must violate a specific set of normative conditions (transitivity, Pareto, IIA, nondictatorship) over an unrestricted domain of preference profiles. However, the theorem does not address which PARs are more likely to violate those conditions across preference profiles. We compare the probabilities that thirteen PARs (anti-plurality, Hare, Nanson, plurality, plurality runoff, Simpson–Kramer, Baldwin, Borda, Coombs, Copeland, Dowdall, pairwise majority, and ranked pairs) violate Arrow’s conditions. We prove that Baldwin, Borda, Coombs, Copeland, Dowdall, and ranked pairs are less likely to violate IIA than the first six PARs, and they are less likely to violate Arrow’s conditions jointly. In contrast, pairwise majority never violates IIA but can violate transitivity. Simulations with three alternatives reveal that among the PARs studied, pairwise majority is the most likely to satisfy Arrow’s conditions jointly. Our results suggest pairwise majority violates transitivity with a small probability, while the other PARs violate IIA with much larger probabilities.     

Bringing institutions into evolutionary economics: another view with links to changes in physical and social technologies

Like Nelson (2002), I make a case for bringing institutions into evolutionary economics. But unlike Nelson, who defines institutions as social technologies consisting of rules-routines, I define them in agreement with North (1990) as humanly devised rules-constraints - such as formal law and informal social norms - but also view them, to accommodate most of Nelson's approach, as constraining the variety of rules-routines employable by agents. I show that this definition has advantages for communicating with modern institutional analysis, for clarifying how institutions can influence, and be influenced by, changes in physical and social technologies, and for producing policy implications.JEL Classification: B52, B15, N01, A10I thank Niclas Berggren, Thrainn Eggertsson, Gunnar Eliasson, Geoffrey Hodgson, Dan Johansson, Nils Karlson, Staffan Laestadius, Richard Nelson, Mark Perlman, Viktor Vanberg, Gerhard Wegner, the participants of seminars at the University of Jena and the Royal Institute of Technology in Stockholm, and two anonymous referees for valuable comments on earlier drafts.