The Ecosystem Services Framework and Natural Capital Conservation

Work at the interface of ecology and economics has inspired a major transformation in the way people think about the environment. Increasingly, ecosystems are seen as capital assets, with the potential to generate a stream of vital life-support services meriting careful evaluation and investment. We first present the concepts underpinning the ecosystem services framework (ESF), laying out the scope and limitations of the approach. We then describe the major challenges in making the ESF operational: (i) detailed information at scales relevant to decision-making; (ii) practical know-how in the process of institutional design & implementation; and (iii) compelling models of success in which economic incentives are aligned with conservation. We close with a brief review of pioneering experiments now underway worldwide, which illustrate how these challenges can be overcome.     

海南岛自然生态系统服务价值评估

以卫星遥感影像为基础,运用"3S"技术,解译并统计了海南岛陆地自然生态系统的类型和面积,利用生态经济相关理论基础,评估计算出年海南岛陆地自然生态系统服务价值。结果表明,2008年海南岛自然生态系统服务价值约2198×108元,是当年全省GDP的1.5倍;森林生态系统的服务价值占四类生态系统(森林、草地、湿地和淡水)服务价值的81.77%,单位面积价值量达3260×104元/km2;自然生态系统在维持营养物质循环、水调节、大气调节等方面的间接使用价值约2076×108元,是直接使用价值的17.0倍。研究首次建立了针对海南岛陆地生态系统服务价值全面的评估体系,并在评估方法上择优、改进,对海南岛自然生态系统服务价值监测体系的构建及深入研究具有重要意义。     

黄淮海平原土地生态服务功能浅析

随着人们生活水平的提高和可持续发展研究的深入，对生态环境的保护和研究也逐步得以重视。生态服务功能的探讨也逐渐成为生态经济学研究的一个热点。黄淮海平原水资源短缺问题日益严重，成为土地生态系统健康的主要制约因素之一。水资源短缺也是广大平原地区土地生态服务功能减弱的主要因素，成为全面建设小康社会所要求的生态环境质量的主要制约因素。因此，文章以河北省为例，分析了平原地区生态服务功能低下的原因，并提出相关建议，以期更好地提高我国粮食安全保证率，为可持续发展服务。     

National Accounting with Natural and Other Types of Capital

We do double-entry national accounting and incorporate zero profit arbitrageconditions (Euler equations) for different types of capital, includingnatural capital. In non-balanced growth, capital gains terms for capitalgoods appear in the income side of the accounts. Depreciation terms appearon the product or expenditure side. We consider renewable natural capital aswell as non-renewable of both durable and non-durable types.     

我国天然草地生态系统服务价值评估

在谢高地等学者的研究基础上,评估了我国各省份各天然草地类型的生态系统服务价值,得出全国天然草地年生态系统服务价值为12 416.86×108元。各省份、各草地类型、各地理区域生态系统服务价值差异显著。黑龙江省年天然草地生态系统服务价值3009.72×108元,而上海市仅为1.15×108元,二者相差逾2617倍。年生态系统服务价值最高的草地类型是沼泽类6489.74×108元,最低的是干热稀树灌草丛类40.07×108元。高寒草甸类、低地草甸类、热性灌草丛类、热性草丛类、温性草原类,分别占年生态系统服务价值的7.73%、6.15%、6.1%、5.17%、5.02%,其余各类草地均低于3%。废物处理(31.78%)、干扰管理(16.07%)、食物生产(13.99%)、水供应(13.45%)构成天然草地每年生态系统服务价值的75.29%,气候管理等10项服务功能价值所占比例均在6%以下,占生态系统总服务价值的24.71%。     

基于生态系统服务价值的武夷山市绿色GDP核算研究

20世纪60年代之后,随着全球性资源短缺、环境污染等问题的出现,仅用GDP表征国家的发展存在明显缺陷。基于此需要在国民经济核算中考虑自然环境成本,这类研究统称为绿色GDP核算。本文总结了基于生态系统服务的第二类绿色GDP核算方法,并引入一种新的核算思路：将直接生态系统服务（DES）的价值纳入GDP核算体系之中。该方法可在一定程度上减小这种重复计算的可能性。以武夷山市为例,应用这种基于生态系统服务价值的绿色GDP核算思路,计算了武夷山市2005年的绿色GDP。结果表明,武夷山市第二类绿色GDP的价值为153．2亿元,是当年地区生产总值的5倍。     

基于生态系统服务价值的武夷山市绿色GDP核算研究

20世纪60年代之后,随着全球性资源短缺、环境污染等问题的出现,仅用GDP表征国家的发展存在明显缺陷.基于此需要在国民经济核算中考虑自然环境成本,这类研究统称为绿色GDP核算.本文总结了基于生态系统服务的第二类绿色GDP核算方法,并引入一种新的核算思路:将直接生态系统服务(DES)的价值纳入GDP核算体系之中.该方法可在一定程度上减小这种重复计算的可能性.以武夷山市为例,应用这种基于生态系统服务价值的绿色GDP核算思路,计算了武夷山市2005年的绿色GDP.结果表明,武夷山市第二类绿色GDP的价值为153.2亿元,是当年地区生产总值的5倍.     

股权结构、会计稳健性与资本投资效率研究综述

公司的股权结构引发利益相关者间的委托代理问题和信息不对称问题,从而导致公司的非效率投资行为,而会计稳健性作为一种协调公司契约各方利益冲突的机制,它能有效降低契约各方的代理成本,在中国资本市场中提高会计稳健性有其现实意义,并且应充分体现会计稳健性的治理价值。     

生态系统服务价值评估:问题与出路

生态系统服务价值评估近年来已经成为生态经济学与环境经济学的热门话题,但其发展似乎停滞不前了.究其原因,生态系统服务价值评估存在三大问题:第一,价值的定义无法最终确定,导致价值评估方法的无所适从;第二,现有价值评估方法忽略了生态系统及其服务所具有的生态学特点,从某种程度上来说,已经背离了评估的本意;第三,价值评估方法忽略了生态系统的产权问题,导致其实用性大打折扣.针对以上问题,本文对生态系统服务价值评估发展方向进行了讨论,并据此提出了尝试性解决思路.     

耕地生态价值支付意愿的影响因素实证研究——基于武汉市的实地调查

以武汉市为例,采用问卷调查,获取城乡居民对耕地资源生态服务价值的支付意愿数据,以此为基础分析影响其支付意愿的社会经济因素。研究表明:受访农民的性别、文化程度、家庭年收入、是否支持环保活动等因素对其是否有支付意愿有显著影响,而受访市民仅有其家庭年收入的多少会对是否有支付意愿有显著影响。该研究为确定农地城市流转的福利补偿和耕地生态补偿提供参考,为政府耕地保护决策提供启示。     

关于人口资源与人力资本实物量核算表的几个问题

国民经济核算体系中，人口与劳动力资源的核算具有重要的作用。国家统计局2000年《中国国民经济核算体系》（征求意见稿）中附属表之一的人口资源与人力资本实物量核算表取代1992年的人口平衡表和劳动力平衡表，具有新的特色，也存在着不足，鉴于人口资源的杂特征，最好设计为每人一表，且要考虑到与价值最核算相衔接的问题，以适应于户籍管理，劳动人事，社会保障部门及教育机构，企业人力资源管理部门的需要，通过数据库的链接达到资源共享。     

Institutional dimensions of Payments for Ecosystem Services: An analysis of Mexico's carbon forestry programme

This article proposes a multi-dimensional framework for understanding the development and effectiveness of Payments for Ecosystem Services (PES) schemes, framed around the notions of institutional design, performance and interplay. The framework is applied in the context of Mexico's Programme of Payments for Carbon, Biodiversity and Agro-forestry Services (PSA-CABSA), with an emphasis on its carbon component. The analysis shows that PSA-CABSA was promoted by civil society and its rules have been subject to continuous modifications over time. In the case of the carbon component, changes have been due to an original misunderstanding of how carbon projects should be designed, implemented, and carbon traded in actual markets. From a performance point of view, the paper shows that the programme has been well received by rural communities, and carbon payments have contributed to increase household income and to enhance forest management practices and organisational skills. The paper also highlights sources of institutional interplay with local institutions and international climate policy, and it reveals the importance of capacity and scale issues in securing an effective and fair implementation of PES. The conclusion provides some policy recommendations for the future development of PES initiatives in Mexico and elsewhere.     

海洋生态系统服务的形成及其对人类福利的贡献

海洋生态系统服务来源于复杂的生态系统组分和生态过程.文章在界定海洋生态系服务内涵和分类体系的基础上,探讨了支持海洋生态系统供给服务、调节服务、文化服务和支持服务的生态系统组分和主要生态过程,并分析了上述服务对于人类经济福利、文化福利、健康福利等的贡献.本研究可为海洋生态系统服务价值评估提供科学依据.     

基于海洋生态系统服务功能的评估方法与海洋管理应用

海洋生态系统服务价值评估是当前海洋管理和生态经济学领域的研究热点,为揭示海洋生态系统对人类的重要影响提供了可量化参考依据。文章论述了国内外海洋生态系统服务价值的研究现状和最新进展,分别从价值评估、评估模型和海洋管理应用三个方面进行了归纳分析,提出今后应重点加强海洋生态系统服务价值评估的标准化、海洋生态系统服务价值模型开发和海洋生态系统综合管理与应用等方面的研究。     

Ecosystem services and regional development: An application to Sweden

This study carries out interregional comparisons of development and sustainable use of natural capital with and without inclusion of non-marketed ecosystem services. A simple dynamic model of an open economy shows that appropriate adjustment of conventional income accounts includes flow and stock components, but excludes explicit entrance of pollution. Calculations are made for Swedish regions and for two types of ecosystem services — pollution sequestration and recreational services — provided by three types of ecosystems: forests, agricultural landscape and wetlands. When comparing the adjusted and non-adjusted regional income accounts it is shown that the two measurements generate significantly different pictures of regional income and growth; regions that are traditionally considered as relatively less growth promoting are shown to hold important sources of wealth from natural capital, while counties that are rich in conventional accounts fall behind when adjusting for values of changes in natural capital.     

The Rate of Return to Aging: A Capital Stock Accounting

Not until recently, that measurement of the stock human capital attracted the attention of scholars and researchers in the US and the EU. In the 21st century, estimates of the stock of human capital for the US and several EU countries were developed by the OECD human capital project. Other estimates were also reported for the US. Thanks to these efforts, it is possible to shed some light on an old-new contention that the elderly population absorbs more of society’s resources than they contribute, hence imposing an ever rising burden on younger generation. Based on the recent estimates of the stock of human capital, the hypothesis advanced in the paper is that such a claim needs to be revisited in light of the very significant familial and intergenerational transfers.     

新疆生态服务价值功能估算与分析

了解和研究生态系统服务功能价值是保证新疆生态安全与实现新疆可持续发展的基础。本文根据新疆1989年、1996年、1999年和2003年的土地利用变化情况,评价了新疆生态系统服务功能价值及其变化,并对变化原因做了分析。