The relationship between technology and science: Some historical and philosophical reflections. Part I

This essay offers a detailed review of the literature on the relationship between technology and science. It is in two parts. Part I begins by describing science and technology, and the differences between them. It then discusses the commonly-held technology-as-applied-science (TAS) view; the origins of this view, the support for it, and the strong historical and philosophical challenges to it, beginning more than half a century ago, are explored. The development of the steam engine is then offered as a brief case study to illustrate that science-technology relations are more complex than implied by the TAS view. Part I concludes with a consideration of ontological arguments supporting the reverse view, namely that technology is often a necessary precursor to science.Part II, to be published in a following issue, explores some of the consequences of the TAS view. One consequence is that it has generated a story-line in which scientific ideas are emphasised and other factors necessary for technological innovation have been down-played. Another consequence is that, even in cases where technology does apply scientific knowledge, the process of application is often considered obvious; the difficulties of translating ideas into artefacts may not be appreciated. The essay argues for the telling of a more complex story of science-technology relations, one which recognises their historical independence in the past, and their mutual, two-way interaction in many modern fields of endeavour. It concludes with a consideration of some economic and educational implications.     

区域科技基础条件平台构建研究

区域科技基础条件平台的构建,可以更好的发挥公共科技服务在区域自主创新和科技进步中的作用,有利于减少科技资源布局分散和重复建设等问题,将为区域主导产业的发展起到极大的促进作用,可以确保产业在全国同行业中处于领先地位。本文在解析了区域科技基础条件平台建设影响因素的基础上,分析区域科技基础条件平台构建的目标任务和重点工作内容,并探讨相关的保障措施。     

Technological capabilities and firm performance: The case of small manufacturing firms in Japan

The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between technological capabilities and firm performance. We divide technological capabilities into two types—refinement capability, which involves the improvement of the existing asset portfolio, and reconfiguration capability, which involves the restructuring of the asset portfolio through the integration of new assets. The results of an analysis of a sample of 302 small and medium-sized manufacturing firms in Japan suggest that refinement capability relates more positively to operational efficiency than does reconfiguration capability, and that reconfiguration capability relates more positively to strategic performance than does refinement capability. The results also suggest that firms with superior refinement capability tend to possess superior reconfiguration capability. Our findings show that both external and internal factors, such as technological volatility, inter-firm collaboration, and firm age and size, are significantly associated with the level of refinement and reconfiguration capabilities possessed by a firm.

动态视角下的企业技术集成能力内涵及构成研究

随着竞争环境动态性的不断增强,企业需要更多的是面向战略需求的技术集成,把新知识、新技术创造性地集成起来,以提升自主创新能力,而支撑技术集成有效实施的技术集成能力已经逐步成为新时期企业集成创新的主要竞争优势.本文在梳理技术集成能力研究视角的基础上,结合动态能力理论,从动态变化性背景出发,揭示企业技术集成能力的内涵、特点,探讨得出技术集成能力是由技术监测能力、技术学习能力、技术系统整合能力3个维度构成,为技术集成能力理论的研究和应用提供参考.     

通过科研数据看学校的快速发展

学校通过近十年的发展,取得了巨大的成就,从各种数据显示了学校的快速发展,同时也从一个侧面反映了国家对高等教育事业的大力支持。     

科技进步对经济增长影响的路径变迁研究——以重庆市为例

利用Cobb-Douglas函数和时间序列数据测算出重庆市历年科技贡献度,并运用计量经济学和统计学方法对科技贡献度进行检验,据此判断重庆市科技进步对经济增长的影响是否存在明显的路径变迁。结果表明以1999年为转折点,重庆市科技进步对经济增长影响路径发生了显著变化,由被动支撑逐步进入主动引领经济增长的新时期。     

Pragmatism, Pedagogy and Philosophy A Model of Thought and Action in Action in Primary Technology and Science Teacher Education

This article reports on one outcome from a three-year study with pre-service primary teachers at Goldsmiths' College, University of London. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the influence of participants' prior educational experience and beliefs about the relationship between design & technology (D&T) and science on their lesson planning for these subjects during school placements. Data from the study support a three-domain model of pre-service teachers' thinking and action. When operating within the pragmatic domain, participants are primarily concerned with survival in the classroom, resulting in short-term planning which may contradict their epistemological and curricular beliefs. In the pedagogical domain, the focus shifts from the pre-service teacher themselves and their immediate survival to the learning potential of the activities they plan. There is evidence that some participants have progressed to operating within a philosophical domain, leading to clasroom practice which reflects and re-conceptualises pre-service teachers' core beliefs about the nature of, and relationship between, D&T and science. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

从日本的技术战略看其化学工业的发展

二战后,日本巧妙地利用外资的资本、资源、技术、这冼一系列符合自己国技术发展战略,在大量引进技术的基础上不断开发自己的技术、促使化学工业取得了飞速的发展     

Defining technology and technological education: A crisis,or cause for celebration?

This paper originated from a two-year technological education teacher development project at the Faculty of Education, The University of Western Ontario. The authors searched for an understanding of technology and technological education through traditional scholarly means, i.e., a literature review, and through an action research venture that, it was thought, would reveal the parameters of ‘technology’. The paper, beyond helping to give the authors and the reader a better understanding of what it means to define an elusive concept, serves to give technology educators a conceptual starting point from which to build insight into the elements of their life's work. The function and form of the paper evolved from the project process. They [the function and form] were determined by the nature of and ambiguities associated with technology. The reader is invited, for example, to consider the historical, social, cultural, and philosophical dimensions of technology. Rather than draw parallels about technology from those diverse disciplines, a daunting task, the paper charts a terrain from which investigators who seek a definition of technology and a framework for the subsequent study of technology, might get their bearings. The paper includes approaches to defining technology, a literature review, a comparison of science and technology, and an epilogue. While a definition is offered as part of the epilogue, the larger purpose of the paper is to improve one's understanding of an ubiquitous phenomenon. The central question of the ongoing debate, in Ontario and elsewhere, about the role and direction of technological education, is inherent in the paper and in the mandate of the teacher development project. What is technology and where and in what form does it belong in the curriculum of the schools?     

包装工程专业学生科技创新平台的建设与实践

学生科技创新平台是包装工程专业实践教学的一个重要组成部分,是培养学生创新能力的一个重要环节。如何根据包装工程专业的特点来搭建科技创新平台并组织和引导学生积极参加创新活动中去,本文提出了一种适于包装专业学生科技创新平台建设的“4个结合”的建设理念并针对每个结合的给出了其特定的内涵。     

科技产业创新与煤炭企业可持续发展

文章从煤炭企业发展实际出发,结合国家现行产业政策和现代科技产业的发展途径,阐述了煤炭企业发展科技产业的路线选择、发展模式及其机制建设。     

促进科技创新的财税政策之思考

近年来,我国为促进科技创新采取了一系列举措并取得了相应成效,但科技创新在我国经济发展中的地位与其在市场经济发达国家的地位相比,还存在很大差距。科技创新涉及诸多方面,如科技管理体制、财政税收制度、金融制度、知识产权保护制度等。其中,财税政策由于具有引导性、规范性、程序性等特点,是一国促进科技自主创新有效的政策选择,是建设创新型国家、促进科技创新的重要保障。鉴于此,从财税政策的角度就如何促进我国科技创新进行了探讨。     

Researching cognition and technology: how we learn across the lifespan

This article addresses how we learn technology across the lifespan. After outlining findings of research into how children, adolescents, teens and adults learn technology, we address theoretical shifts from sociocultural to technocultural theories of cognition and reorientations from mediated to cyborgenic learning. The balance of the article describes effective methods for researching cognition and technology. In the process of outlining key findings from research, we emphasize the links among methods and theories employed, data produced and conclusions drawn. Our goal is to sketch a lifelong learning context for undertaking studies of cognition and technology, and to provide a methodological and theoretical analysis for researchers venturing into this dynamic and volatile field. In summary, we provide a far-ranging agenda for researching cognition and technology.

公共科技投入对企业技术创新的影响--来自大中型工业企业的实证研究

利用中国2000～2012年间30个省级大中型工业企业的面板数据,文章实证分析公共科技投入对企业技术创新的影响。结果表明,从全国总体和东、中、西部三大经济区域来看,政府公共科技投入对企业技术创新具有积极影响。同时结果也显示企业自筹科技活动经费支出也显著促进了技术创新产出,并且高于公共科技投入对企业技术创新的影响;有科技活动的企业对技术创新存在显著的正向效应。因此政府应提升公共科技投入在财政支出中的份额,通过公共科技投入引导企业加大对技术创新的投入;同时政府应在企业的科技人才配置与技术引进的消化吸收上起到组织协调与服务的引导作用。     

高科技企业知识型员工的激励问题探讨

高科技企业的竞争力水平往往取决于其知识型员工的产出质量和数量。如何管理和激励知识型员工,使得人得其位,位适其人,最终实现人尽其才,才尽其用,是高科技企业在激烈的市场竞争中立于不败之地的关键。     

基于现代科技革命的适应性组织构建

现代科技革命形成与企业组织变迁的历程表明,科技变革必然引起企业组织的变迁,现代科技革命的综合化、高速化和智能化的特征对企业组织提出了新要求．企业成为适应新要求必须构建结构扁平化、性能柔性化和运行开放化的适应性组织,其内部表现是以职能部门为基础的静态组织结构与以项目组为中心的动态组织结构并存的矩形网状运行模式,其外部表现是价值网络运行模式。