Limits to policy: Land use control in the USA

This article uses two different approaches to examine both the relationship between land and the law and the limits to policy for land use in the US. The first approach considers ways to circumvent the status of rights in land, and looks at their basis in traditional social attitudes and assumptions —factors no longer supported by scientific knowledge and changing concepts of public interest. The second concerns the feasibility of general laws to reflect changing perceptions of rights over land through declarations of national policy. Each approach reveals complexities that pose great difficulties to any effort to achieve a legally defined set of principles for land use that would reinforce a basic stewardship ethic for the land throughout the US.     

The interrelations of land ownership,soil protection and privileges of capital in the aspect of land take

The novelty of this study lies in the analyses of legislation concerning land use policies by examining the specific boundary between land ownership and land take. The basic motive was that the European Commission (EC) withdrew the Soil Framework Directive (SFD) in 2014 following the objections of certain Member States (MS) who countered that as most lands are privately owned, they should not fall under the remit of public governance. Since the withdrawal of the SFD land take is an issue receiving more attention. The legal content of ownership rights has been subjected to constant debate in the context of land-use policies and planning practices, which raises the questions of who decides how the land can be used and whether administrative authorities give priority to non-agricultural uses. Our study seeks to explore these issues through the lens of property law by comparing different legislations on access to land on three levels of policy implementation: the EU, the national, and the local levels. MS legislations are highlighted through the example of Hungary in two aspects: (1) regulation regarding Access to Land and Land Ownership Rights (ALOR), and (2) legislation and results of the LANDSUPPORT decision support system concerning Land Take Changes (LTC). We designed figures to demonstrate how policymakers can use the new LANDSUPPORT platform to show the gaps and inconsistencies among the above aspects. We found that the legislative regulations concerning private land use to achieve soil protection objectives remain the weakest link in the environmental protection legislation of the EU. Anxieties concerning built-in legal guarantees on each of the studied levels actualise our research. Currently, global land management is not on the political table although common European legislation might be able to preserve land for agricultural use.     

Power,capital, and the poverty of farmers’ land rights in China

This article is intended to conduct a three-dimensional examination of China’s rural land rights and the complex dynamic among political power, economic capital, and farmers’ rights during the past seventy years. First, the study takes a close look at the historical changes in the nature, scope, and ownership of land property in rural China during four significant time periods from 1949 to 2019. Second, it uses Ronald Coase’s theory on property rights in dissecting the four paradoxes and dilemmas in China’s rural land ownership, including the extent of clarity and stability of land property rights, the “three rights system” (the rights to ownership, contracting and operation of land) and three stagnations in defining and exercising such three rights, the simultaneous shortage and waste of land resources, as well as the restrictions on land transactions and the requirement to protect collective property. With examples derived from selected evidence, the article documents how both political power and economic capital have worked together to deprive farmers’ land rights. It concludes with a critical analysis of the current status of China’s rural economy, the problem of applying Western economic theories to China’s reality, as well as the theoretical definition, legal protection and policy parameters of land property rights in China.     

矿业权的特征探讨

矿业权是矿产资源所有权中分离出来的一种权能。矿业权的设置和管理是市场经济体制下对矿产资源管理体制改革的必然要求和中心环节。本文从矿业权的概念、物权法律特征、经济学特征、资源运用特征、矿产资源所有权与矿业权关系 ,以及矿业权的商品特性、现状和作用等多方面探讨了矿业权的特征     

Towards sustainable rural development in Central and Eastern Europe: Applying land consolidation

Over the past twenty years, social and economic decline in rural areas has intensified in the Central and Eastern European countries. A precondition for the reversal of this decline is the implementation of new policies in relation to the fundamentals of land ownership and management. In addition to addressing the problems of land ownership fragmentation, these should include measures to improve agricultural production and employment, taxation policy, and legislation to protect land ownership rights, within the context of acknowledging environmental and sustainability considerations. In Europe, the requirement for readjusting unfavourable land fragmentation and promoting the appropriate use of land combining with positive environmental solutions is expected to create new sustainable land management systems. The consolidation of land ownerships may be an effective and active land management instrument which not only addresses the problems of land fragmentation, but also, if applied sensitively, may be an instrument for delivering sustainable rural development in a wider context. The aim of this research is to investigate land consolidation as an essential tool to create sustainable rural areas in Lithuania.     

论土地制度的公私矛盾

研究目的：梳理土地制度的公私关系,探讨土地制度运行的内在规律。研究方法：归纳与演绎、文献研究法、比较分析法。研究结果：土地制度是人类进入文明社会（出现国家及法律）以后的基础性制度,并交替存在着公有制、私有制等制度形态;无论是实践中还是在理论上,土地公有制与私有制选择始终是一对矛盾,但产权是否清晰与土地公有私有无关,财产权神圣不可侵犯应同等保护公私财产,平等保护财产权并非追求财产平等。研究结论：土地作为自然资源的本质属性决定了其产权制度的基本特征,土地所有制度属于政治范畴,土地产权制度与财富分配机制属于经济问题,土地制度规则应遵循公权与私权均衡,公利与私利分野。     

加快中国土地产权制度建设的建议

研究目的:通过分析当前中国土地产权制度存在的问题和症结,提出进一步完善土地产权制度的建议,为决策层和立法机关提供参考.研究方法:采用理论分析的方法.研究结论:中国土地产权制度建设存在两种土地产权不平等、土地所有权、使用权和他项权利种类不丰富、内容不完整等缺陷,应对两种土地产权给予平等的保护;细化土地使用权的类型,增加土地使用权的层次;完善土地登记制度,明确土地登记的法律效力;依法保护土地财产权;成立专门的土地争议调处机构,加大对土地争议的调处力度.     

论基于物权路径引入发展权之不可行性

研究目的:通过比较分析,揭示基于物权路径引入发展权之不可行性,以期为发展权本土化研究路径的改进提供思路。研究方法:比较分析法,文献分析法。研究结果:在立法技术层面,根植于产权范式的发展权,不具备物权客体之要件,并与物权法定和所有权单一性原则相冲突。在法律逻辑层面,TDR实施的个案性与物权的对世性相矛盾,所引证的双重所有权理论和英国发展权国有化的规定失之于偏颇,土地用途管制是国家行使规划权而非发展权的结果,试图藉由地方性法规创设发展权的思路也不符合《立法法》之规定。研究结论:基于物权路径引入发展权是不可行的,未来应抛弃"机械式"移植观,沿着准物权和提高管制效率的方向,探索引入发展权的可能路径与方案。     

Sustainability and Land tenure: Who owns the floodplain in the Pantanal,Brazil?

In seeking to achieve poverty alleviation and environmental conservation, public policy has often centred on guaranteeing land titles to local peoples. However, such approaches have brought unintended outcomes, replacing small-scale economies and natural areas by intensive exploitation of resources with no clear improvement in local people’s wellbeing. To understand this, we go beyond a general political ecology framing to consider relations between sustainability and land tenure, focusing on the intersection of economics, ecology and anthropology to understand how land tenure, property and use play out on the ground. We draw together different concepts including bundle of rights, de facto and de jure resource use, property regimes, density-dependence and non-equilibrium theory. The significance of this three-discipline view is illustrated through a case study of the Pantanal wetland, Brazil, where conservationists, the government and the local population contest ownership of the Paraguay River floodplain. Government sought to address conflicts around tenure and access through a narrow view of property, which failed to encompass the overlapping layers of land tenure, property and use on the ground and only served to create further legal battles. This article concludes that a more complex view combining the three perspectives is needed in the case of the Pantanal, and in other cases of contested property rights, in order to resolve conflicting claims and foster sustainability. We dissect both the power plays involved between different groups competing for control of a valuable resource, and the legal frameworks which can and should provide checks and balances in the system. The more nuanced grasp that emerges of local systems of tenure and access, of how these diverge from western property concepts, and of their environmental implications favours a better understanding of local realities, allowing for better management policy and consequently contributing more effectively towards poverty alleviation and environmental protection.     

Pastoralism within land administration in Kenya—The missing link

In land administration (LA), the right to exercising property/ownership rights on land is based on cadastral processes of adjudication, survey and rights registration. Private ownership rights are now being taken up in pastoral areas, where they must contend with pastoralists’ land rights. Pastoral land use requires seasonal migrations determined by climatic conditions. This study aimed to find out how well the existing land laws and property rights in LA are able to serve the requirements of pastoralists land use, identify mismatches and put forward possible solutions. A case study was carried out in the Samburu–Laikipia–Isiolo–Meru landscape in Kenya. Data on the degree of livestock dependency among pastoralist communities, the spatial extent and patterns of dry season migrations, the resulting encounters between herders’ and non-pastoralist land use actors, and the perceptions of land rights held by actors were collected through a variety of methods and analysed. The results show that pastoralism is still active. The migration corridors reveal that herders maintain extensive dry season mobility, even though some of the corridors currently overlap with areas where land is privately owned by non-pastoralist land use actors. Moreover, the results show that most non-pastoralist land use actors have their land rights registered, but seasonal encounters with migrating pastoralists persist as pastoralists continue to exercise customary rights of communal use. We conclude that existing land laws and property rights in LA are suitable for sedentary land use, but do not address how to serve pastoralists land rights in time and space. The pastoralist's migration routes and patterns obtained indicated that it is possible to predict where pastoralists will be at a given time/drought period. This information could be used by decision makers and land administrators to identify where and when pastoralists’ land rights apply. This could provide the foundation for including pastoralists’ spatiotemporal land rights in LA. Arguments emphasize that adjudication, surveys and registration of rights should focus not only on ownership and full control of land, but also on defined periods when spatiotemporal mobility and access rights could be granted to pastoralists.     

集体土地所有权法律制度研究

土地所有权问题是我国民法典立法和物权立法所要解决的一个重要方面。集体土地所有权问题更是当前亟需从法律上调整解决的核心问题。明晰农村集体土地所有权主体 ,充分尊重集体土地所有权益 ,实现司法上的“合法财产权一体保护”和土地资源的优化配置 ,关系中国现代化进程中深化土地使用制度改革、保护农民利益、推动经济发展和维持社会稳定的大局。本文试图从法理上廓清集体土地所有权的性质、主体以及权利行使、收益分配问题 ,并提出对农用地、建设用地、宅基地等集体土地使用权流转的相应立法建议。     

完善农用地产权体系的有效途径

农用地产权体系的构建是土地法律制度的核心内容,是解决"三农"问题的关键,是保障农民权利的核心因素。土地的归属关系、利用关系和流转关系是农用地产权体系的三个框架和支柱,科学合理地处理好以上关系是保护农用地权利的有效途径,应明确集体土地所有权主体,确保土地承包经营权的物权性质。     

关于矿产资源资产和产权问题的若干思考

文章把矿产资源资产的产权分为所有权和使用权 ,由所有权产生的资产是自然资源价值 ;由使用权产生的资产是投资形成的价值。同时提出国家对矿产资源所有权的行使要考虑五项国家目标 ,不能单纯考虑经济目标 ;国家对矿产资源所有权的实现有矿地地租、矿权金等 6种形式。矿产资源使用权资产的主体是企业 ,由国家投资形成的使用权资产 ,应当由国家国有资产管理部门管理。     

基于产权与利用视角的台中市土地变化分析

[目的]以我国台湾省台中市为研究对象,利用多源统计数据,对其2011—2015年土地产权变化及土地利用变化进行分析,以揭示台中市几年来土地产权变化和土地利用变化的主要特征。[方法]文章主要采用描述性分析和统计分析方法。[结果](1)2011—2014年台中市共计增加登记土地产权面积621 hm2,公私共有产权土地面积先减少后增加,至2014年达到643hm2。(2)已登记非都市土地总面积,从2011年起处于先减少、后增加的趋势,特别是2014年已登记非都市土地总面积增加较多,相对于2013年增加了1.4196万hm2。(3)都市发展区中的住宅用地、商业用地、文教用地、特定专用区的面积皆有增长,而工业用地、公共设施用地、其他区的面积有所下降;非都市发展区中的保护区面积比较稳定,而农业区、风景区和河川区的面积处在调整的状态。[结论](1)台中市私有土地面积占比处于下降趋势,但整体不是非常明显;土地所有制包括公有、私有和公私共有等多种形式完全可以共存;东南亚人取得的土地所有权数量在总体上增减变化不大;(2)台中市都市发展区用地虽有增长但增幅较小,而都市区土地、非都市区土地内部的用途竞争导致了各类用地功能区的面积此消彼长;土地所有制对城市用地扩展没有构成制约,即土地所有制不是城市发展的分歧所在;(3)非都市土地转换为都市土地,不仅取决于各类土地竞租能力的差异,还取决于都市发展计划与土地使用分区管制,土地用途转换应以经济高质量发展与居民社会福利增进为目标。最后,提出完善土地权利结构体系,增加公有土地面积占比来保障社会公共福利等政策建议。     

Reasons for introducing 3D property in a legal system—Illustrated by the Swedish case

The use of three-dimensional (3D) property rights has for many years been a tool for providing secure and lasting rights for the use of land and its volume of space in complex situations involving land use in the urban society. The aim of this article is to investigate the reasons for introducing 3D property in a legal system. This is illustrated by using the Swedish system as an example. In general, without the possibility of forming 3D property units with direct ownership, other forms have to be used, such as indirect ownership or granted user rights. Benefits of ownership in comparison with different types of rights include a more secure way of guaranteeing the possession of real property and the possibility of mortgaging the property. There are lower transaction costs compared with user rights, arising from legally securing three-dimensionally delimited parts of real property. 3D property also enables an increase in the density of private ownership. 3D property is a useful way of solving problems related to the use of space by different parties with different needs. In the Swedish legislation the introduction of 3D property formation has increased the possibility of constructing and financing in particular large and more complex facilities. It has created more secure and clear ways of constructing infrastructure objects and separating them from other types of use within the space of the same traditional property.     

财产权利权能理论新拓展:理论框架及其对中国当前集体农地权利体系的合理解释

研究目的:提出权能支的新概念,建立一个新的财产权利权能结构理论框架,对当前中国集体农地权利体系进行解释。研究方法:逻辑推理法,法学分析方法。研究结果:所有权权能结构包括占有、使用、收益和处分四项基本权能,而这四项基本权能由若干更小的基本单元——权能支构成;权能支是财产权利的基本单元,每一个权能支意味着权利人可以依法实施一类行为的可能性,四项基本权能是由若干权能支组成的权能束;基本权能或权能支的分离、重组和耦合形成新的财产权利类型。研究结论:权能支概念的引入,拓宽了既有权能理论的解释能力,可以较好地解释新出现的财产权利的权能结构,也能合理解释权能分离后的所有权和他物权的内涵;基于权能支的概念和新的财产权利权能结构,本文解释了当前中国集体农地权利体系,并就现阶段土地承包经营权权能完善和拓展提出了政策建议。     

农村集体土地所有权的实现困境与对策研究

研究目的:分析中国农村集体土地所有权实现困境,探索从困境中解脱的出路,为农村集体土地产权制度收革提供政策建议。研究方法:文献资料法和定性分析方法、研究结果:实现农村集体土地所有权的关键在于是否赋予集体完全的处分权和收益权,集体土地所有者是否具有土地发展权,土地收益在三级所有者之间以及集体和农民之间能否实现合理分配,集体土地资产能否合理管理等。研究结论:通过编制集体才地利用综合开发规划赋予农村集体用地自主权;改革上地税费制度,上地收益在不同利益主体间合理分配;在规划管控、用途管制机制下推进和规范农村集体建设用地流转;健全集体经济组织民主管理制度,加强集体资产监督管理     

试论林权概念的修正

林权作为一个法律概念,在林业实践中具有十分重要的地位。但长期以来,法学理论一直对林权内涵没有给予准确的界定。文章以此为立论基础,运用实证和比较分析的方法,通过对现行林业法和不同类型林权进行分析,将林权界定为自然人、法人或者其他组织对森林、林木、林地依法享有的占用、使用、收益或者处分的权利,在类型上包括森林、林木、林地所有权和森林、林木、林地使用权。     

土地征收过程中设置土地发展权的必要性和可行性

土地发展权是一项可与土地所有权分割而单独处分的财产权,该权利直接关系到改变土地用途、提高土地利用集约度以及增加对土地的投入而产生的发展性利益的权利归属和利益分配;考虑到我国土地征收制度存在的诸多问题,我国应在土地权利体系中创设独立的可转让的土地发展权,通过将土地发展权制度引入征地实践来保障农民的土地产权和保证国家耕地保护目标的实现,并整合整个制度环境,提升土地征收制度的绩效。     

试论我国土地产权制度的困境与出路

土地产权制度是土地制度的核心。土地资源的稀缺性、不可再生性与资源需求的无限性和排他性之间的矛盾要求我们必须盘活土地资产,提高土地的合理配置和利用效率。本文基于我国土地利用中的矛盾出发,揭示我国现存农村土地产权制度的弊端,诸如集体土地所有权主体模糊、产权界定不清、土地流转机制和权能结构不健全。土地产权制度的改革思路在于,明确土地所有权主体,建立规范的产权结构和土地流转机制。