The spectrum policy reform paving the way to cognitive radio enabled spectrum sharing

The increasing amount of data and video traffic carried by mobile networks has recently risen the demand for enhanced network capacity, more efficient use and more effective management of spectrum. Cognitive radio technologies candidate to respond to these urgent needs by allowing a near simultaneous band sharing. The regulation plays a crucial role in promoting the adoption of these technologies, in order to overcome the traditional paradigms of authorizations for exclusive spectrum usage. The article outlines spectrum management regimes where the implementation of frequency sharing technologies, including cognitive technologies, is foreseeable and brings them back to a comprehensive taxonomy of dynamic spectrum access and sharing models, in the effort to reconcile partially diverging approaches and nomenclatures suggested in literature. Theoretic analysis is supported by a number of illustrations and practical experiments with shared spectrum usage. Based on suggested taxonomy, the research aims at showing the evolutionary path toward the introduction and spreading of cognitive and other spectrum sharing technologies, pointing out relevant trends and instruments made available by the reform of EU Telecom Package, as well as at outlining the status of regulation, policy and standardization in Europe.     

Freedom of access to the radio spectrum for satellite communications

A conference will open on 8 August 1985 under ITU auspices to consider major procedural changes in the international regulation of the use of the radio spectrum by geostationary satellites. There has been strong pressure for the introduction of a priori orbit/ spectrum planning for, for example, the fixed-satellite service from countries which foresee that they may lose their option to set up domestic satellite networks under the present ptocedure. However, reform of the present procedures, rather than radical change, would give better assurance that the real needs of all countries will be met.     

Setting licence fees for renewing telecommunication spectrum based on an auction

This paper presents a methodology for setting fees for the renewal or extension of spectrum licences, by using the outcome of an auction for comparable licences but with a different licence period. The methodology is a combination of market and cash flow valuation and consists of two main steps. First, prices for spectrum corresponding to that of the licences to be extended are derived from the auction outcome. Second, the relative value addition of the extension period for the new licensee, compared to the value of the licences auctioned, is derived by using a model for the development of EBITDA for an operator over time. A combination of these two is used to calculate fees that match the opportunity costs of extension. Thus, optimum alignment is achieved with the policy objective of using licence fees only to promote efficient use of spectrum, while avoiding state aid at the same time.     

Analysing the C-Band spectrum auctions for 5G in Europe: Achieving efficiency and fair decisions in radio spectrum management

This paper offers a detailed analysis of selected regulatory parameters used as instruments to promote efficiency with fairness for all stakeholders (in the legal sense of equity) in 5G spectrum auctions. Data were collected from sixteen auctions for the C-band that took place in the Member States of the European Union (EU) and in the United Kingdom (UK) between 2017 and 2020 for the introduction of the fifth generation (5G) of mobile communication technology. The selected instruments of intervention are: spectrum packaging, spectrum caps, set-asides, geographical scope of the license, license duration, various forms of license obligations, reserve prices and auction format.Significant differences were observed in national approaches to spectrum packaging, license obligations and reserve prices for efficiency purposes. Our analysis also shows that European national regulators are paying increasing attention to concerns over fairness of decisions on spectrum, or equity, especially by creating opportunities for local private networks to access the spectrum and by imposing requirements on network operators to guarantee more uniform population coverage of newly created 5G networks.     

Value-focused thinking about strategic management of radio spectrum for mobile communications in Korea

Radio spectrum has become an increasingly vital part of the telecommunications infrastructure and economy of a country. As spectrum management grapples with increasingly complex decisions in the 1990s, clarifying the basic values of the spectrum management will become more important. This study uses multiattribute utility theory as a basis for obtaining value judgments regarding strategic management of radio spectrum for mobile communications and applies it to a specific case study of Korea. To structure and quantify the basic values of spectrum management, we elicited strategic objectives, then refined and structured them into a hierarchy. We developed attributes and derived a utility function to illustrate value trade-offs at the strategic level. The implications of the results for addressing a range of strategic issues are also discussed. We found that the work and results can provide valuable insights and decision opportunities for virtually all major decision making in spectrum management for mobile communications in Korea.     

Analysis of spectrum auctions in India—An application of the opportunity cost approach to explain large variations in spectrum prices

The remarkable growth of mobile communication has reinforced the significance of the radio spectrum for mobile network operators. The availability of spectrum varies considerably between different countries due to national regulatory decisions. The focus in this paper is on India where operators have access to a limited amount of spectrum. This paper analyses the value of spectrum by estimating the opportunity cost, which is calculated by the savings that can be achieved by acquiring appropriate amount of spectrum rather than investing in additional base stations. The applied approach combines network deployment, user demand levels, cost, and capacity issues, which are integrated in the application in the opportunity cost approach for spectrum. The opportunity cost of spectrum is compared with prices paid at spectrum auctions. The analysis includes a discussion of drivers that determine the willingness to pay for spectrum. The results show that the opportunity cost of spectrum in relation to auction prices is lower than prices operators paid for 3G spectrum in the metro circles (service areas) while the value derived from the opportunity cost is higher than auction prices in the remaining circles.     

A new test for manufacturing industry efficiency: An analysis of the results of import licence tendering in New Zealand

One test of the relative productive inefficiency of the protected manufacturing industries found in many newly industrialising countries is the percentage by which domestic prices exceed world prices. It is suggested that these price differentials are reflected in the premiums paid for import licences under the public sealed bid tendering scheme currently operating in New Zealand. The premium results for 22 roughly compiled industries suggest that nearly three quarters (15) have estimated unit costs 40 percent or more above those of efficient overseas producers. Evidently the long-term policy of industrial diversification through protection has produced substantial resource misallocation in the economy.     

The Italian way to functional separation: An assessment of background and criticalities

The paper describes the approach to functional separation followed in Italy. The analysis places the notion of functional separation in the context of the reform of the European Regulatory Framework in particular the Access Directive of the European Commission. It concentrates on the two main aspects of functional separation in the Italian telecommunications market: (i) the creation of an Open Access unit and (ii) the undertakings suggested by Telecom Italia and approved by AGCOM with the Decision 718/08/CONS. The paper shows that even if these measures are primarily aimed at fostering transparency, promoting equal access and non-discrimination practices, some doubts remain with respect to the impact of functional separation on incumbency of Telecom Italia. It proposes that the outcome of functional separation will have to be determined by joint efforts of regulation by AGCOM and changes in the strategy of Telecom Italia.     

占山为王:独特生存绝技

在这个处处讲究马太效应、规模经济的时代,"强者愈强,赢家通吃"的口号响彻天地,做大做强的梦想几乎让每家企业都血脉贲张-东西相距10000里,南北温差50℃,以中国地域之辽阔,凭什么我就只能在家门口"戏水",而不是像海尔那样在各区域市场横行四方?     

Spectrum limits and competition in mobile markets: the role of licence fees

The paper discusses the impact of scarcity of frequency spectrum on the performance of the mobile telecommunications industry. An oligopoly model with endogenous sunk costs illustrates the trade off between ex ante extraction of oligopoly rents and market entry of firms. The determination of the licence fee through an auction provides scope for setting market structure endogenously: the higher the licence fee, the lower the number of firms sustained by the market. High licence fees may be a signal for post-entry collusion. Differences across national regulatory frameworks with respect to the conditions for allocation of spectrum licenses may induce problems of fair competition in an integrated market.     

国产品牌成为奢侈品的路径

奢侈品(Luxury)并非生活必需品,它是一种超出人们生存与发展需要范围的,具有独特,稀缺、珍奇等特点的消费品.在生活当中,奢侈品牌享有很特殊的市场和社会地位.对于奢侈品牌来讲,市场占有率和曝光频繁并不决定其身份,恰恰相反,正因为一物难求,而更彰显其奢华本性.奢侈品是一种文化现象,需要时间的积累,素养的熏陶.真正享用奢侈品的人是懂得品味、欣赏并陶醉其中的人,他们对某一品牌的钟爱往往成为奢侈品人气的风向标.然而对于大众消费者来说,奢侈品是可望而不可求的,可能永远是一个梦,也正因如此,它更加激起人们追逐的欲望.     

从奥飞上市看动漫与玩具 创新才是中国玩具发展之路

今年前7个月,我国玩具出口41.8亿美元,增幅较去年同期回落22.4个百分点。原材料及劳动力价格的大幅上涨,欧美准入门槛的不断提高,人民币的不断升值,美国经济及其市场需求萎靡,中国玩具所面临的考验似乎越来越大,一大批小型玩具企业已经或正在寻求转型。人们不免要问,中国玩具业怎么了？中国玩具要回到辉煌该怎么办？     

An optimal production run length in deteriorating production processes

This paper presents an EMQ model which determines an optimal production run length in a deteriorating production process. It is assumed that the process is subject to a random deterioration from an in-control state to an out-of-control state with an arbitrary distribution and, thus, produces some proportion of defective items. An optimal production run length and a minimum average cost are derived in three deteriorating processes: constant, linearly increasing, and exponentially increasing. Several different results from those of previous research are obtained and discussed. A numerical experiment is carried out to see the behavior of the proposed model depending on the cost and process parameters. Some interesting behaviors are observed.     

To go all the way to the 20th anniversary!

It gives me great pleasure to be with you tonight, to celebrate this significant moment-- the successful opening of the 20th Intertextile Shanghai Apparel Fabrics.     

Commercializing a radical innovation: Probing the way to the market

Needs, market structures, business models, and relationships concerning radical innovations (RIs) are unpredictable and, consequently, firms face critical challenges in commercialization. Therefore, this study examines the commercialization of RIs as a process complicated by divergent challenges. By drawing on the literature on innovation management, RIs, and the commercialization and adoption of innovations, and by analyzing six longitudinal cases, the study generates its contribution: a dynamic process model for the commercialization of RIs. The model captures the iterative and partially unpredictable commercialization process comprising transits back and forth between three main zones: strategic marketing decision making, market creation and preparation, and sales creation and development. Over this probing process, a firm faces major commercialization challenges: 1) choosing a feasible strategy in conditions of uncertainty, 2) understanding the benefits of innovation from the customer's perspective, 3) creating credibility, 4) acquiring support from stakeholders and the ecosystem, 5) overcoming adoption barriers, and 6) creating sales. For managers, the results suggest diligence in the neglected market creation and preparation zone instead of attempting rushed sales creation.     

自主创新是医药企业发展的必由之路

医药行业良性健康发展是避免药害事件发生、提高监管效能的关键。我国医药行业低水平重复建设严重，自主创新能力弱，陷入低价恶性竞争的泥潭，劣币驱逐良币现象日益突出。应呼吁企业自主创新，提高企业竞争能力，推动我国医药经济的发展。     

数学教学中如何转变学生的学习方式

数学学习过程要转变学生学习方式,按以下几个步骤实现：培养学生的观察能力;培养学生的数学阅读能力;建立自主合作探究的学习方式,激发学生＂自主学习＂;采用尝试教学,给学生提供＂自主学习＂的时间和空间;重视＂自主学习＂过程的调控和指导,为＂自主学习＂建立有效保障。