阜新市农户家庭生产经营梯级进步与经济增长规律初探

本文从总结阜新市农村家庭联产承包责任制实行二十多年来的家庭生产经营状况入手，并以史为鉴，分析解放前农户长期生产经营所表现出的外在形态，意在探索出农户家庭生产经营梯级进步与经济增长的一般规律。     

比较优势与我国农业产业化发展

跨入新世纪之际,我国农业发展进入了一个新的阶段。加入WTO后,农业发展将面临着一个新的国际环境。新阶段、新环境将中国农业推向市场竞争的颠峰。但是,这使家庭联产承包责任制所存在的小市场与大市场的矛盾、规模经济效益不高的问题日益显露出来。正是在这种背景下,一种既能发挥家庭联产承包责任制的优势,又能克服其固有缺陷,推动新时期农村经济发展的机制－农业产业化应运而生,促进了我国农业经济增长方式从粗放型向集约型的转变,然而,在实践中仍存在诸多疑问题。比如我国粮食安全问题导致的农业产业结构调整是以粮食作物为主还是以经济作物为主的讨论;我国农村第二次改革导致的农业产业化如何与各地具体实际相结合的讨论等。本文将结合比较优势理论作一些思考,并对农业产业化道路作一些探讨。     

"两权分离"后,路该怎么走--对农村土地制度改革的思考

以家庭联产承包责任制为核心的农村经济体制改革,曾使农村经济发生了历史性的转折,农村面貌发生了根本转变。但经历了20多年的风风雨雨后,家庭联产承包责任制的状况如何?农村经济还存在哪些问题?本文认为,家庭联产承包责任制实行“两权分离”,户营为主,联产承包,推动了生产力的发展,取得了举世公认的成就。但这只是农村生产关系改革的第一步,且已无法适应当前的政治经济形势要求,出现了许多新矛盾、新问题。深化农村经济体制改革的方向在于实行土地所有权多元化,允许农民个体所有。     

家庭联产承包责任制和统分结合的双层经营保持长期稳定

家庭联产承包责任制和统分结合的双层经营保持长期稳定国务院发出通知，批转农业部关于稳定和完善土地承包关系的意见、通知指出，以家庭联产承包为主的责任制和统分结合的双层经营体制，是党在农村的一项基本政策和我国农村经济的一项基本制度，必须保持长期稳定，任何时...     

农村劳动力转移的现状与战略选择

农村劳动力转移的现状与战略选择李国基，杜建康以１９７９年推行农村家庭联产承包责任制为契机，雅安地区农村劳动力便开始了向非农产业转移的历史性进程。百万农民不再是被禁锢在土地上的单纯的农业生产者，而成为商品生产者和发展农村经济的主力军。计划经济体制下长期...     

完善家庭承包制的对策

完善家庭承包制的对策徐国祥（江苏省盐城市委农工部）如何使家庭联产承包责任制与现阶段农村生产力发展水平相适应，这是一个摆在我们面前的现实课题。笔者认为，家庭联产承包责任制是我国的一项基本制度，必须长期坚持不变。否认家庭联产承包责任制的历史功绩和现实意义...     

政策咨询

家庭联产承包责任制三十年不变蔡今农业部部长刘江在全国农业厅局长座谈会上再次重申，国家将继续在农村推行和完善家庭联产承包责任制，并坚持30年不变。他在分析当前的农业和农村经济形势时指出，今年上半年全国农村经济运转情况总体是好的，尤其是夏粮取得历史性的大丰收，早稻在种植面积略有减少的情况下，总产仍有大幅增加。目前中国储备粮已达到国际社会通常所划定的17％－18％的“安全线”，人均粮食占有量也达到400公斤。这都是中国历史上没有过的。刘江认为，这一好形势的取得，得益于家庭联产承包责任制这一政策。实践已经证明，…     

小额信贷:为贫困人口提供金融服务的创新方式

中国从１９７８年实行家庭联产承包责任制以来，农村经济取得了巨大的增长，但这种增长对农村贫困人口的脱贫所起的影响在各个阶段是不同的。在农村改革前期，几乎所有地区的农民（包括富人和穷人）都从改革所引致的经济增长中受益。国家统计局的资料显示，１９７８年到１...     

试论中国式农工商综合经营的道路

1978年以来,在党中央、国务院提倡和推动下,我国广大农村,纷纷开展了农工商综合经营的试点工作,其目的在于如何从中国的国情出发,找出一条适合中国农村的农工商综合经营道路,家庭联产承包责任制的建立,打破了我国农业生产长期停滞不前的局面,促进了农业生产和农村经济的全面发展,开创了我国农工商综合经营的新道路。联产承包责任制是农村经济体制改革的突破口,也是我们探索和研究中国式农工商综合经营的基础。     

让农民租地长期耕种的办法好──完善家庭联产承包责任制的新尝试

让农民租地长期耕种的办法好──完善家庭联产承包责任制的新尝试王松山李乐忠十四届三中全会《决定》指出：“以家庭联产承包为主的责任制和统分结合的双层经营体制。是农村的一项基本经济政策，必须长期稳定，并不断完善。”在中央农业工作会议上，江泽民总书记特别强调...     

面粉中含砂量测定的不确定度评定

本文依据《粮油检验粉类粮食含砂量测定》对面粉中含砂量进行测量,并对其测量结果进行不确定度分析,探究影响测量过程中不确定度分量来源并进行评定。分析得出,扩展不确定度为0.0004%,面粉中含砂量测定结果为0.017%±0.0004%(k=2)。     

饲料中镉含量的测量不确定度评定

分析石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定饲料中镉含量不确定度各个分量,对其测量不确定度进行合理评定,结果表明:饲料样品中镉含量为0.052 mg/kg时,其扩展不确定度为0.0035 mg/kg(k=2),校准过程和测试过程随机效应是引入不确定度的主要原因。     

食品中金黄色葡萄球菌定量检测的不确定度评定

为提高食品中金黄色葡萄球菌定量检测结果的准确性,本文对测量不确定度进行分析和评定。按照《食品安全国家标准食品微生物学检验金黄色葡萄球菌检验》(GB 4789.10—2016)第二法金黄色葡萄球菌平板计数法对人工染菌的乳粉样品进行检测,按照《测量不确定度评定与表示》(JJF 1059.1—2012)分析不确定度来源、评定标准不确定度、计算合成标准不确定度和扩展不确定度。金黄色葡萄球菌定量检测结果的扩展不确定度U=0.066 2(k=2.26),金黄色葡萄球菌定量检测结果为33 574～45 541 CFU·g~(^-1),修约后为34 000～46 000 CFU·g^-1。对金黄色葡萄球菌检测不确定度贡献最大的是接种Baird-Parker平板引入的不确定度,其次是重复检测引入的不确定度。     

中国水稻生产效率的变动分析

一、引言中国是世界最大的稻谷生产国 ,水稻是中国最主要的粮食作物。我国加入WTO后 ,在市场经济的调节下 ,稻谷生产与贸易受国际市场和价格的影响越来越大 ,因而如何保护我国的农业 ,提高我国水稻的国际竞争力 ,促进我国农产品的生产和贸易 ,是摆在我们面前的一件重要事情。而生产效率的提高有助于提高我国水稻的国际竞争力 ,所以 ,研究水稻的生产效率很有意义和价值。生产效率是指产出量与全部投入之比 ,表明产出量的变动与全部投入量变动的关系 ,以衡量生产率的变化对经济增长的作用。生产效率一般是指生产系统的总要素生产率 (TotalFa…     

明代华北农业发展的推动因素分析——生产要素角度的描述与估计

本文以明代时期的北直隶、山东、河南为例,从生产要素的角度分析明代华北农业发展的推动因素.一是人口的增长、迁移和耕地面积的增加.二是农田水利,除了治理河流,井灌得到了广泛采用.三是农业技术有所进步.本文还尝试用生产函数模型,分别对中性、劳动增强型和土地增强型的技术进步率进行估计,结苯表明,明代华北农业的增长方式主要依赖于劳动和耕地的增加.在资源约束日益加剧的今天,要进一步重视技术进步在推动农业发展中的作用,同时在技术选择和创新中还特别需要注意与各地的资源禀赋条件相适应.     

分光光度法测定食品中亚硝酸盐不确定度评估

本文根据《测量不确定度评定与表示》(JJF 1059.1—2012)和《食品安全国家标准食品中亚硝酸盐与硝酸盐的测定》(GB 5009.33—2016),利用分光光度法对食品中亚硝酸盐的含量进行测定,建立数学模型对亚硝酸盐含量测定的不确定度来源分量进行计算、分析,食品中亚硝酸盐的测定结果可以表示为X=(11.2±0.70)mg·kg^-1,k=2,为评价试验测量结果的真确性提供科学依据。     

农地生产率变化及不同规模农户农地生产率比较研究--浙江省农村固定观察点农户农地经营状况分析

本文以浙江省农村固定观察点的农户为研究对象①,对近十几年来农户农地利用结构和生产效率方面的变化做一实证分析。一、农地生产率变化分析(一)农地生产率及其经营效益变化从观察户的跟踪观察资料看,随着科学技术的进步和农户生产技术水平的提高,农户的农地生产率总体呈上升趋势。这里我们以浙江的主要农作物粮食的单位面积产量与农地单位面积投工两个方面来说明。从表1可见,在固定观察点建立以来的14年中,按播种面积计算的粮食亩产提高了15.14%(1988年较1986年提高20.60%);同期,每亩农地的用工量减少了36.76%。表1的后半部分是农户农地经…     

重庆缙云山旅游竞争力提升研究

缙云山作为国家级重点风景名胜区,在自然资源、生态、区位和宗教旅游方面具有一定的旅游竞争优势,但如何有效利用这些优势资源提高景区的竞争力仍是其面临的重要问题。通过分析缙云山的旅游竞争力基本要素,指出其目前存在的旅游产品单一、景区客源市场小等问题。提出改变旅游资源开发方向,完善解说系统,培养专业人才,加强管理等提升缙云山旅游竞争力的相关措施。     

Evaluation of forestland use in mining operation activities in Turkey in terms of sustainable natural resources

Mining has been necessary for human activities and is conducted in line with this need. The location of mines must sometimes be where land use overlaps with other activities because the location of the mined substance cannot be changed. In Turkey, forestland are the most common of these overlapping areas. Therefore, mining has frequently occurred on forestland in Turkey—and worldwide. After the mining operation activities are conducted, the forestland are rehabilitated and returned to the forest administration. The examination of used and returned areas provides an opportunity to create an optimal situation between “mining for sustainable development” and “protection of forestland.”Accordingly, several questions, such as mining production amounts, degrees of social and economic development of the cities in which enterprises are conducting mining, the quantity of the areas they used for mining activities in forestland, the areas which were returned to the forest administration, operating license areas and operation permit areas, and the life of mining operation, were asked to the mining enterprises in Turkey through the “Survey Monkey” program in 2018. Thus, according to mineral groups, different land use rates were compared with the operating license areas, and the land uses for each mineral group were analyzed by considering the operation activity periods. The results indicate that the sustainability of the use of forestry in mining activities in Turkey has changed in a positive direction, particularly because of changes in mining and environmental legislation in Turkey over the last decade.     

Assessment of implementation of protection of mineral deposits in spatial planning in Poland

A complex of raw materials available in a given commune shapes its functional − spatial structure and affects local economic development. The use of the resource base of minerals depends largely on the management of the space and respecting the zoning restrictions connected with protection of mineral deposits. The urgent need to protect them is due to their non-renewable nature and progressive development of the land. Preserving access to deposits is essential to ensure future mineral supply necessary for the economic development. This article presents the results of the assessment of implementation of rules of protection of mineral deposits in spatial planning at the level of territorial units in Poland.The study has been conducted in twenty-three communes of the Lesser Poland voivodeship, for thirty-one unexploited mineral deposits designated for protection in the Spatial Development Plan of the Lesser Poland (Małopolskie) Voivodeship of 2003. In the study of conflict with development of the selected mineral deposits with the environment, factors related to land use, forms of nature protection, water conservation and planned land development have been evaluated. The assessment has taken into account the importance of individual factors of conflict by giving them weights by means of pairwise comparison method. Five classes of conflict of the deposit management have been proposed: non-conflicting deposit, small conflict, medium conflict, major conflict and very big conflict. Almost equal numbers of deposits (9) belong to the class characterized by a of medium, small and large conflicts. Road and technical projects as well as expected significant impact of exploitation on the environment restrain exploitation. The impact is related to the necessity of use of explosives during the exploitation and by the cumulative effect of the mining activity already existing nearby. Analysis of the planning documents of the communes has shown both inadequate protection of mineral resources, including designation of areas of deposits for single-family housing, and a few examples of properly maintained spatial planning in the field of protection of mineral deposits. Information obtained from the environmental survey has been supplemented by assessment of the social aspect. In nine communes it has been determined that the areas of mineral deposits are not subject to spatial conflicts but in seven communes there is opposite situation. The most important benefits from the mineral exploitation which has been indicated in the studied documents included: jobs, access to construction materials and development of the commune.Present work allowed to define the areas and the scale of conflicts induced by development of mineral deposits and to propose measures for rational management of mineral resources. Recognition of the existing and potential conflicts can help to make the right decisions concerning development of the area and minimising impacts of exploitation of the mineral deposits.