有机农业示范园区管理体制与运行机制研究——以江西万载县为例

[目的]有机农业在全球范围内迅速增长,具有良好的发展前景。进行现代农业示范园区建设,对于促进农业现代化转型具有重要意义。[方法]以万载县现代有机农业示范园区建设为案例,基于实地调研和文献材料,对万载县有机农业示范园区的管理体制和运行机制进行分析。[结果]江西省万载县利用生态资源优势,建设了以有机农业为特色的现代有机农业示范区,并逐步探索形成了有机农业示范园区的管理体制和运行机制,以此构建起了有机农业产业体系。[结论]该示范园区的管理体制与运行机制由管理考核体系、进行有机生产时的生产监控体系和产品追溯体系以及特色农业科技示范基地农业推广体系等部分构成,以产品质量监控为核心,园区建设与有机生产高度结合,政府与市场在园区建设中的角色因发展阶段而变化。在总结前述园区建设经验的同时,文章还提出了相应政策启示。     

粮食生产、生态保护与宏观调控政策

[目的]长期以来,粮食生产与生态保护一直是一对矛盾综合体,为了实现粮食安全目标,人们往往忽略对于生态的保护,通过对二者之间的相互影响机理的分析,提出更好的宏观调控政策。[方法]采用因果分析法对粮食安全框架下的粮食生产和生态保护的演进关系、影响形式和内容进行了研究,最终给出了二者协调发展的粮食宏观调控政策设计对策。[结果]首先,不合理粮食生产活动对生态环境造成的严重破坏,主要体现在水土流失、水资源浪费、化学物质的残留和生态环境的污染;其次,被破坏的生态环境反过来影响了粮食生产的数量和质量,进而对粮食安全产生了威胁。[结论]为了保证粮食安全的目标,长期牺牲生态环境的做法已经带来了严重的后果,这种后果不仅仅表现为当前的生态失衡,更严重威胁了未来的粮食安全。因此,要充分发挥粮食宏观调控政策的作用,加强生态功能设计,具体可从建立农业自然资源保护和有效利用的制度机制、加强政府生态农业的主导型地位及投入水平、以技术进步支撑保护农业生态和粮食安全和以法律手段规范保证相应措施的顺利实施4个方面进行设计和完善。     

西北特色农牧业可持续发展探讨*——以阿拉善盟为例

[目的]发展西北特色农牧业,充分利用当地特殊资源条件,增强西北农牧业综合生产能力,提高西北农牧业可持续发展水平。[方法]文章对西部农牧业整体分析和阿拉善盟特色农牧资源开发案例剖析。[结果]西北特色农牧业可持续发展亟需从模式创新、产业创新、体系创新以及完善理论和方法上寻找突破口,合理谋划应对方略。[结论]西北特色农牧业在发展过程中要通过发展高效生态科技构建以生物农牧业和物理农牧业为主体的现代生态农牧业模式,按照资源节约型、环境友好型、生态保育型"三型农牧业"发展要求,形成动静脉产业联合体,创新农牧业产业可持续发展方式。     

浙江东部丘陵山地小流域土地优化利用模式——以嵊州市上东江流域为例

通过分析嵊州市上东江流域土地利用现状特点和制约因素，从土地生态系统的整体性和综合性出发，依据流域立体分异特点，提出了4种不同的土地优化利用模式，即保护型利用模式、复合型利用模式、多种经营型利用模式和高产农区型利用模式。     

边疆地区现代农牧业发展战略研究

我国是世界陆地边界线最长、邻国最多、边界情况最复杂的国家之一。边疆地区的发展关系到国家领土安全、民族团结和睦邻友好、国家生态安全、国家经济安全、对外开发开放等一系列核心利益。农业现代化对改善边民生产生活条件、缩小同内地发展差距、带动边疆工业、贸易、交通运输及社会事业发展,确保边疆长治久安和维护民族团结,具有首要战略意义,是边疆地区发展战略的核心。近年来,边疆地区城镇化进程有所推进,边民生计仍以传统农业为主;农业综合生产能力不断提高,产业发展尚显缓慢;边疆农牧民收入地区差异明显,受国内外资源约束影响显著;边境贸易活动活跃,双边农业合作还较弱势。鉴于边疆地区农牧业的战略地位以及特殊性,边疆现代农牧业发展不能照搬内陆沿海地区的路子。为此,边疆地区现代农牧业发展应与守土戍边、扶贫开发、生态保护、对外开放结合起来,利用国内外两种资源、两个市场,走绿色、生态、安全、适度规模的发展道路。     

基于低碳农业的清洁生产与生态补偿 ——以山东桓台为例

该文以山东桓台为例,运用生命周期评价(LCA)方法,对桓台14年的小麦-玉米轮作模式进行了碳排放评估.结果表明:通过测土施肥和秸秆还田,发展农业清洁生产,2009年每吨小麦碳排放较1996年下降了8.4％;每吨玉米下降了41.5％;华北地区集约化农业生产进一步减少氮肥、电力、燃油消耗,提高土壤固碳能力和防治秸秆碳泄漏,是未来发展低碳农业的重点;清洁农作在低碳经济中起到了重要作用,但必须建立合理的生态补偿机制.     

黄河流域农业高质量发展推进路径

目的 文章在黄河流域生态保护和高质量发展重大战略背景下,探讨推进黄河流域农业高质量的路径。方法 在梳理黄河流域农业高质量发展内涵基础上,剖析流域内农业高质量发展的基础条件、挑战、机遇,探讨促进黄河流域农业高质量发展思路和推进路径。结果 近年来,黄河流域农业经济总量持续增加,农林牧渔结构稳定,主要农产品产量稳中有增,农业产业特色突出,农村发展动能持续增强,农村居民人均收入不断增加,但仍存在生态环境脆弱,水土流失严重,农业水土资源压力较大,部分区域农业基础设施薄弱,农业面源污染形势严峻,农业标准化生产水平较低,农产品附加值低等问题,制约了农业高质量发展。结论 面对国内外发展新机遇,加快黄河流域农业高质量发展应加强生态保护,将水资源作为最大的刚性约束,探索不同生态类型区农业发展重点;推行农业生产“三品一标”,实施全产业链农业绿色生产技术,实现投入品减量化、生产清洁化、废弃物资源化、产业模式生态化,构建乡村绿色发展体系;拓展农业多功能性,围绕黄河流域农业产业技术高级化和产业链现代化,推动产业向高端化、绿色化、智能化、融合化方向发展,促进农业一二三产业融合;推进绿色农田试点示范建设,以提高水土资源利用率和抵御自然灾害能力为主,探索黄河流域不同区域高标准农田建设模式,探寻农业高质量发展的路径支撑。     

寒地黑土区域生态农业品牌打造与知识产权保护

该研究以主要处于东北平原地带的寒地黑土区域为对象,文章表述了寒地黑土区域生态农业发展具有的地理、气候、土壤等自然条件和发达的交通网络、丰富的动植物资源、充沛的水系和蓬勃发展的系列产业基础优势。文章分析了当前区域生态农业发展的重点之一是充分合理开发利用生态农业资源,打造寒地黑土生态农业品牌;寒地黑土品牌以黑土文化为品牌价值核心,代表着黑土地域资源特征和天然健康的生态产品品质,是区域内绿色有机物产的公用商标品牌。该文的主要的结论和建议是：在寒地黑土品牌打造过程中应主要从品牌注册、品牌宣传推广、品牌产品认证、品牌统一标准体系、品牌整合保护等方面来不断升级品牌建设;从寒地黑土品牌知识产权保护的策略上要依托商标战略整合品牌,利用农产品地理标志培育品牌,运用涉农专利保护品牌。     

Technical efficiency in paddy farms of Tamil Nadu: an analysis based on farm size and ecological zone

Despite the wider application of efficiency analysis in Indian agriculture, little has been done on the investigation of intra and interecological variations, size differences and their interactions. However, ecological issues have paramount implications for the low-input sustainable agricultural production. Furthermore, due to the various causes of efficiency, the age-old size-based debate on efficiency differences is not yet resolved. The present study examines the level of technical efficiency across ecological zones and farm size groups in paddy farms of the southern Indian state of Tamil Nadu. The study showed that 90% of the variation in output among paddy (IR-20) farms in the state is due to differences in technical efficiency. Land, animal power and fertilisers have significant influence on the level of paddy production. Varying from 0.59 to 0.97, the mean technical efficiency was found to be 0.83. The use of F-test in two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and censored regression (Tobit model), with dummies for ecological zones, farm size groups and their interactions, has shown that, at mean level, the level of technical efficiency among paddy farms of the state differs significantly across agro-ecological zones and size groups as well, The study further indicated that small-sized paddy farms in zone II and medium-sized paddy farms in zone III are represented by ecologically size-biased production techniques; thus achieving higher technical efficiency.     

Adoption of conservation agriculture in Europe: Lessons of the KASSA project

According to KASSA findings, conservation agriculture is less adopted in Europe compared to other adopting regions and, reduced tillage is more common than no-tillage and cover crops. Currently, it is not popularised and it is less researched. The lack of knowledge on conservation agriculture systems and their management and, the absence of dynamic and effective innovation systems make it difficult and socio-economically risky for European farmers to give up ploughing which is a paradigm rooted in their cultural backgrounds. In Norway and Germany the adoption of conservation agriculture has been encouraged and subsidised in order to mitigate soil erosion. In the other European countries the adoption process seems mainly driven by farmers and, the major driving force has been the cost reduction in machinery, fuel and labour saving. Soil and water conservation concerns did not appear as main drivers in the European farmers’ decision to shift or not to conservation agriculture.The shift of European farmers to conservation agriculture is being achieved through a step-by-step attitude, large scale farms are the most adopters. This adoption trend may grow in the future. Indeed, the need to improve farms’ competitiveness, the market globalization and the steady increase of fuel cost will likely contribute to arouse European farmers’ interest in conservation agriculture as it slashes significantly the production costs.Conservation agriculture is not equally suitable for all the European agroecosystems. The need of soil and water conservation in Europe requires anticipating the ongoing process in order to improve its ecological and socio-economic sustainability. Priority would be to define which regions in Europe are the most suitable for conservation agriculture taking into account climate and soil constraints, length of growing period, water availability and quality, erosion hazards and farming conditions. Policy favouring the use of soil cover and profitable crop rotations as management strategies for weed, pest and diseases control will certainly allow developing and disseminating efficient and acceptable conservation agriculture systems.     

基于AHP的山东省农业适度规模效益测度

[目的]通过总结山东省农业适度规模经营模式及其实施区域分布概况,并研究其产生的经济、社会和生态效益,以期为山东省农业适度规模经营的可持续发展提供借鉴。[方法]文章采用层次分析法(AHP),构建山东省农业适度规模经营效益指标评价体系,并确定指标权重。然后根据农业规模经营从业者和当地农民根据实际情况对各指标的评分值与权重值加权计算各区域的经营效益指数并分析。[结果]鲁南和半岛地区的农业适度规模经营效益明显好于其他4个区域;农业适度规模经营所带来的经济效益要远大于社会效益和生态效益,尤其是农业土地利用率和农业产出值的增加较为明显,农民人均纯收入也得到较大提高。[结论]山东省农业适度规模经营模式多样化发展,规模经营效益区域差异明显,鲁南和半岛地区的效益最好。农业适度规模经营经济效益较为突出,显著提高了农业土地利用率和产出值。农业适度规模经营是一种在新形势下可以有效改变传统农业发展模式并能带来巨大经济效益的农业发展新模式,值得在更大的区域推广和实施。     

甘肃少数民族地区农业发展存在的问题与对策建议

通过对甘肃少数民族地区农业发展现状分析,指出甘肃少数民族地区存在着自然条件严酷,生态环境差,产业结构不合理,农产品没有形成明显的产业链,农业生产投入不足,专业技术人才缺乏等问题。认为应保护少数民族地区草原生态环境,科学调整农牧业产业结构,扶持一批带动能力强的以农牧产品加工为主的龙头企业,进一步加大农业生产投入力度,才能促进甘肃少数民族地区农业的有效发展。     

乡村振兴战略下生态农业产业化：理论阐释与实践探索

目的 通过系统论、分工深化等理论引导生态农业产业化,探索生产性服务在生态农业产业化过程中的作用机制,形成生态经济良性循环,实现农业生态效益最大化。方法 文章在梳理生态农业发展脉络的基础上,基于交叉学科视角理清生态农业与乡村振兴、生产性服务等概念内涵及相互关系,并以江西林下生态循环经济产业发展为例,探索生态农业产业化的生产模式、利益联结机制及三产融合实现方式。结果 （1）生态农业产业化需将传统农业和现代农业相结合,发挥农业多功能性,拓展林下经济、复合经营等多种生态模式;（2）加强农业生产性服务的提供,注重生产性组织培育和支持;（3）建立生态效益补偿机制,践行生态农业认证机制和生态农业绿色清单制度,为实现乡村振兴提供理论探索和江西现实依据。结论 生态农业产业化是乡村生态振兴的必然选择,而生产性服务则是实现生态农业产业化的重要路径之一。     

黑龙江省生态高值农业发展策略研究

生态高值农业是在确保生态环境友好的前提下通过提高农业科技内涵和提高农业生产管理水平实现农业产业的高值化,从而大幅度提高农业生产能力、产业化水平、竞争力和比较效益的农业高新技术体系与生产模式。通过分析黑龙江省农业可持续发展面临的问题与形势,黑龙江省在实现"生态高值农业"进程中的制约因素和有利条件,提出为建设黑龙江省"生态高值农业"的可持续发展策略。     

昭通市发展农业生态观光旅游初探

昭通市是以农业为主的地区,也是云南省经济比较落后的地区,发展农业是解决当地贫困问题的关键。该文在阐述农业生态观光旅游的基本内涵和意义的基础上,就发展昭通农业生态观光旅游的优势、功能区划分和发展模式作了探析。     

Environmental efficiency and the impact of regulation in dryland organic vine production

Organic agriculture figures prominently in the policies adopted by the EU to improve the environmental impact of agriculture. It may also potentially provide other benefits such as high-quality, health-enhancing food products and advancements in rural development. Recent years have brought new research to assess the environmental and economic implications of organic conversion. Economic efficiency comparisons between organic and conventional farms have been extended to include environmental performance. The inclusion of this variable in efficiency analysis may be useful when assessing the potential impact of suggestions to improve environmental regulations and policies. This paper applies the environmental efficiency model to the analysis of different technologies and calculates productivity and efficiency with and without environmental impacts. In the empirical part of the paper Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) and bootstrap techniques are applied to detect and measure differences between organic and conventional agriculture aggregate efficiency and productivity in a sample of vineyard farms operating in semiarid, non-irrigated conditions in Navarre (Spain), taking farms’ nitrogen surplus and pesticide toxicity indicators to consideration. The results for these particular agronomic conditions suggest that organic agriculture is more environmentally efficient than conventional agriculture in dryland farming, in that it achieves a more favorable production to environmental impact ratio. Nevertheless, conversion to organic production methods for extensive vine cultivation under arid conditions does not guarantee substantial environmental gains, since the organic farms in our sample do not display inferior levels of pollution emissions per unit input as extensive conventional production. The overall environmental efficiency of organic farming is largely attributable to the fact that organic farms come closer to the frontier of their own technology. We find no significant technological differences in environmental productivity, however. In terms of policy implications, these findings suggest that the tightening of specific environmental restrictions in organic standards should involve consideration of technological differences in environmental productivity between organic and other alternative technologies. If organic technology is less productive, more restrictive regulation could undermine the economic viability of farms, and thus undermine the other benefits of organic farming. The results also indicate that, at the local level, it could be convenient to address part of organic subsidies to further improvements in the control of pollution from fertilizers and pesticides.     

"三高”农业与生态旅游相结合模式的研究

分析了高产、优质、高效的“三高”农业与生态旅游相结合的可行性,即农业生态游的兴起,为两者的结合提供了可能;“三高”农业的飞速发展,为农业生态游提供了广阔的发展空间;两者的结合可以相互促进发展。提出了两者结合的具体措施,即以市场为导向,因地制宜的原则,选择好“三高”农业的发展方向;“三高”农业区的统筹规划;从生态学原理出发,利用高新技术和生态农业技术,协调好“三高”农业与生态游之间的关系;合理地融入     

定西市有机农业发展优势、问题与对策

分析了甘肃省定西市发展有机农业的有利条件和面临的问题,定西市具有自然资源丰富、农业开发环境优越、劳动力资源充裕和区位优势明显等优势,极具发展有机农业的潜力,但是也存在认识不足、专业技术知识缺乏、认证费用高和投资风险大等问题;提出加强宣传、政策倾斜扶持、成立认证中心和整合现有特色农业资源等措施来推动定西市有机农业的健康发展。     

民国时期四川甘孜州农业发展述论(1912-1949)

民国时期,甘孜州农业垦殖得到发展,方式多样,耕作农业区和半农半牧区均有所扩展。有无水利设施的分界线基本与农牧分界线吻合。农业近代化在局部地点出现,总体仍停留在传统农业阶段,且农耕技术的地域差异较为显著。农作物单产较低,以青稞为主的生产格局没有发生根本变化,商品化程度有所提高。农业生产经历了较大波折,局部地区的过度垦伐产生了环境灾难。     

气候因子对花生-脐橙两大经济圈的负面影响

花生是中国科学院红壤生态实验站所在地域附近农业的特产和经济收入的命脉;中国科学院三峡工程秭归生态实验站地域的脐橙,是库区农业的特产和经济收入的命脉,也是库区高山峡谷绿化造林防治水土流失的好办法。气候因子对花生—脐橙两大经济作物的负面影响极大;根据两大经济圈的现实气象资料和实地观察,探索了生态网络气象数据的处理。