Revenue and Progressivity Neutral Changes in the Tax Mix

There has been much debate about the redistributive implications of a consumption tax and the treatment of low income households. This article presents a general model which allows for the interdependence between income and consumption taxes, while allowing for transfer payments to the low paid. The appropriate adjustment of transfer payments in response to a change in the tax mix, in order to maintain a fixed real value of transfers, is examined. The use of exemptions, of those goods for which the proportion of expenditure falls as total household expenditure rises, in order to increase the progressivity of consumption taxes is also considered. The model enables changes in the tax mix, which are both revenue and progressivity neutral, to be devised.     

Progressivity Index of Sales Tax on Individual Expenditure Items in Australia*

The main contribution of this paper is to provide the estimates of the degree of progressivity (or regressivity) of the sales or excise tax on more than 300 individual consumption items. This is the first tax incidence study which considers such a fine classification of goods and services. The estimates based on the Australian Household Expenditure Survey 1975–7 6 provide a guideline for determining the tax rates on individual consumption items. Several interesting findings which emerge from the numerical results given in the paper suggest the usefulness of considering such a fine classification of goods and services .     

Progressivity of the Commonwealth Personal Income Tax, 1917–1997

This article assesses changes in personal income tax progressivity since 1916–17. Before World War II, legislative action changed tax progressivity; after, declines mainly reflected tax policy inertia.     

论税务管理能力与有效税制改革

衡量一项税制或税制改革是否有效,其最综合性的标志是:税制执行后,其理论税负与实际税负是否一致。而这一状况的实现,与一国税制的设计是否与其税务管理能力相匹配是密切相关的。各国税制改革的实践表明,税务管理能力本身就应成为一国有效税制改革的中心。我国当前不尽如人意的税制执行结果,以及税制与税务管理确立背景的诸多变化,都迫切要求我们进一步提高税务管理能力,以增强税制及税制改革的有效性。     

物业税改革模式及税收效应研究

近年来,物业税开征及改革模式受到了社会的很大关注。该文对物业税改革的两种模式进行了理论分析,并以深圳市为例进行了实证考察,结果表明:对所有物业征收物业税,将带来较强的税负递增效应、地区差异效应,以及对房屋租赁市场的冲击效应,但税收收入有较强的稳定性与充足性。因此,从我国现实考虑,现阶段应该对居民基本住宅免征物业税;但在长期内,应对所有物业征收物业税。     

Green Tax Reform and Competitiveness

This paper studies a revenue-neutral green tax reform that substitutes energy for wage taxes in an open economy with unemployment. As long as the labour tax rate exceeds the energy tax rate, such a reform will increase employment, reduce the domestic firms' unit cost of production and hence increase international competitiveness and output of the economy. The driving force behind these results is the technological substitution process that a green tax reform will bring about. The resulting reduction in unemployment is welfare increasing since energy, which the country has to buy at its true national opportunity cost, is replaced with labour, whose price is above its social opportunity cost.     

Environmental Tax Reform and Growth: Income Tax Cuts or Profits Tax Reduction

This study investigates how recycling revenues, which are generated by environmental taxes, affect growth through different types of tax cuts. A growth model with creative destruction (Aghion and Howitt Econometrica 60(2):323–351,1992, Aghion and Howitt The economics of growth, 2009) is modified to include the production of final output as a source of pollution. This paper demonstrates that introducing an environmental tax, accompanied by either an income tax cut or a profits tax reduction, increases the output growth rate. The analysis also shows that, if technological change is resulted from deliberate activities of economic agents, the reduction of the profits tax rate for an intermediate monopolist is more growth-enhancing than an income tax cut since a profits tax reduction directly promotes R&D activities.     

加入WTO与我国税制改革

中国加入WTO带来的制度创新压力必然要求加快和深化税制改革,因此完善我国现行税收制度,改革现行税制中不合理的地方,是当前财税学界迫切需要解决的问题。本文拟从缩小我国税制与WTO基本制度框架的差距出发,浅析我国现行税制的完善。     

Environmental Tax Reform and Government Expenditure

In a simple model of production with an imported polluting resource and involuntary unemployment we consider the effects of energy taxes, holding the real wage constant, under differing levels of government expenditure and externalities. Simulations reveal conflict between the goals of net welfare, employment and profitability over much of the relevant parameter range, thus extending the usual discussion of multiple dividends. However, potential net welfare and employment gains are substantial for plausible parameters. The optimal energy tax declines as government expenditure rises and is less than the Pigovian tax for plausible externalities.     

中国税制改革的税负代际间归宿——世代交叠生命周期税负归宿模型的理论与模拟

文章建立52期世代交叠生命周期税负归宿模型用以研究税制改革的税负在不同年龄人群之间的归宿。也即在考虑完全预期因素和消费者偏好的情况下,通过构建包括家庭、生产和政府三部门在内的方程组模型,来描绘出整个经济的均衡路径,并用此模型对我国税制改革对不同年龄人群福利的影响进行实证分析——计算我国增值税由生产型转为消费型和税制由流转税为主体税种转为以所得税为主体税种的两项最重要的税制改革对不同年龄人群福利的影响。     

中国资源税问题研究与改革取向

随着经济的不断发展,中国原有的资源税暴露出许多弊端,如资源税课税范围较窄、依据不合理、单位税额总体偏低、对级差收入调节不够等,中国资源税改革应在借鉴国外税制的基础上,扩大征税范围,提高税率和按量计征,强化资源节约和环境保护.     

Tax Reform with Useful Public Expenditures

We examine the effects of tax reform in an endogenous growth with two types of useful public expenditures. The optimal fiscal policy shifts the tax base to private consumption and generally requires a change in the size of government. If a tax reform holds the size of government fixed to satisfy a revenue‐neutrality constraint, then the reform will be suboptimal; theory alone cannot tell us if welfare will be improved. For some model calibrations, we find that a revenue‐neutral consumption tax reform can result in large welfare gains. For other quite plausible calibrations, the exact same reform can result in tiny or even negative welfare gains as the revenue‐neutrality constraint becomes more severely binding. Overall, our results highlight the uncertainty surrounding the potential welfare benefits of fundamental tax reform.     

物业税改革与地方公共财政

物业税改革的推行需要地方政府的支持和配合,而地方政府将会主要考虑两个问题:物业税改革是否会导致地方公共财政出现断层?未来的物业税将在地方公共财政中起多大作用?只有这两个问题正确处理好了,物业税改革才可能顺利推行,不然的话,中央政府必须提供特别强的激励。本文就以上两个问题展开讨论,在相关假设基础上进行理论探讨和实证分析。结果发现,只要政府措施得当,物业税改革是可行的,并将对地方财政与地方政府行为产生深远影响,有利于地方政府职能转变,而物业税也将在地方财政中扮演重要角色。     

论资源税改革

资源税的改革势在必行,矫正资源开采的负外部性、加大资源税对经济的调控力度是资源税改革的总体思路.但是资源税改革的方向和具体设计尚需要进一步进行深入研究,资源税外的相关税费也需要认真梳理并进行相应调整.资源税的改革要充分酝酿,科学设计,不可操之过急.     

矿产资源税费改革探析

文章对我国的矿产资源税费改革进行了剖析。首先,明确矿产资源补偿费、资源税和特别收益金及级差收益的涵义;其次,提出级差收益应归入矿产资源补偿费,同时给资源税重新定位,认为资源税应立足于可持续发展,着眼于外部环境成本的补偿,循环经济的发展和和谐社会的建设。     

税制改革、产权安排与避税动因的盈余管理

笔者以2008年我国所得税税制改革后公司所得税税率下降公司为研究样本,研究上市公司避税动因的盈余管理行为以及产权安排对公司避税程度的影响.研究发现在公司所得税税率变化前一年,税率降低公司存在显著的利润推迟的盈余管理行为,进一步研究显示这种利润推迟盈余管理只在非国有控股公司中出现,而国有控股公司并没有进行明显的利润推迟盈余管理.研究结论为产权安排对公司行为的影响提供了新的经验证据.     

论优化税制理论对中国税制改革的启示

如何合理地改革税收制度和税收政策，以顺应新世纪我国经济发展的趋势，已经成为一个极其重要和紧迫的问题。本文阐述了优化税制理论的主要内容，并指出优化税制理论对于我国的税制改革具有重要指导意义，在此基础上，提出了我国税制改革的具体构想。     

Australian Family Tax Reform and the Targeting Fallacy

Over recent decades, Australia's highly progressive, individual‐based taxation of families has been replaced by a system that tends towards joint taxation with an inverted U‐shaped rate scale. The reform has been implemented by introducing family‐income‐targeted child payments (now Family Tax Benefit Part A) and by lowering tax rates on higher incomes. The new system has shifted the burden of taxation to two‐earner families on low and average wages and, in particular, to working married mothers as second earners. For reasons of fairness and efficiency, we propose returning to more progressive individual taxation and universal family payments.     

全球性税制改革的经验与教训

20世纪80年代以来,税制改革风潮几乎遍及了全世界。通过对发达国家和发展中国家税制改革的研究和世界银行、国际货币组织的研究,为确定最佳税制改革方案将起到有益的借鉴作用。