Opinion leaders and opinion seekers: Two new measurement scales

The authors describe the development and validation of multiple-item self-report scales to measure opinion leadership and opinion seeking for specific product or service domains. The concepts of opinion leadership and opinion seeking are defined, previous attempts to measure them are critiqued, and the scale development process is described. Five separate studies using data from 1,128 student and adult respondents provide ample evidence for the unidimensionality, the reliability, and the construct and criterion-related validity of the resulting scales. Finally, implications for consumer theory and marketing practice are discussed. She received her Ph.D. from the University of Alabama. Her research focuses on methodological issues in consumer research. He received his Ph.D. from the University of Alabama. His chief interest is in scaling consumer characteristics. where she directs the MBA program. She received her Ph.D. from Florida State University. Her research includes business ethics, scale development, and marketing to children.     

Identifying critical problems for mutual cooperation between the private and public sectors: A marketing perspective

The study presented in this article is an application of “futures research.” One objective is to identify some of the more pressing future world-wide problems that require the combined effort of both the government and the private sector to reach a solution. A second objective is to suggest ways in which marketers can become more involved in the solution of them. Prominent problem clusters of particular importance to marketers, including “Social Values,” “Social Institutions,” and “Resources” were uncovered by this research. The authors hope that this article will stimulate marketing research in each of these areas.     

Technology readiness and usage: a global-identity perspective

The past several decades have witnessed the rapid globalization of consumption markets and widespread diffusion of information and communication technologies. However, the use of technology by consumers is not a foregone conclusion. We investigate the role of global self-identity on the orientation toward technology readiness and usage. Relying on a social-identity model of motivation as our theoretical framework, we propose a model which incorporates global self-identity (i.e., cosmopolitanism/parochialism and global/local identification) and self-regulation (i.e., promotion and prevention focus) in predicting technology readiness and usage in a self-service technology context. The proposed model is tested in two different cultures, the U.S. and China, and is contrasted with two theoretically-competing models as well. Results provide support for the hypothesized model, and a number of limitations, implications, and directions for future research are discussed.     

Marketing research and the aged consumer: The need for a new perspective

The aged consumer movement represents a major social trend which has broad implications for marketers. While many of these implications are positive, there are aspects associated with this movement that may prove detrimental to business firms if not acted upon in a positive manner. Perhaps the most notable of the potentially detrimental aspects is the increased activity of aged organizations in pressuring government for legislation designed to provide them with a greater voice in the marketplace. As a result of the movement's political strength, government is becoming an active advocate for the aged consumer. The obvious danger to business as a result of these activities is the potential for increased restrictive legislation. Certainly, a defense against such efforts is for business to meet the consumer needs of the elderly market segment more effectively. Unfortunately, a review of current marketing activities in this area does not show that such efforts are being expended. To correct this situation it is recommended that marketers attack this problem in two directions (1) through organizational and policy changes and (2) through increased research efforts. Specific recommendations are suggested in each of these areas.     

Integrating marketing and information services functions: a complementarity and competence perspective

Integrating two disparate functions in organizations—marketing and information services (IS)—has become a critical business concern due to the increasing use of information technology (IT) to find and open new markets, deliver improved services to customers, and streamline internal marketing processes. This study appears to be the first to empirically examine the dynamics of bringing these distinct groups of specialists together. We investigate potential antecedents, consequences, and contingencies of IS-marketing integration, drawing on theories of complementarity and competence. Through a survey of IS and marketing executives, we learn that integration is facilitated by trust between the two functions and the interaction between IT strategic intent and customer orientation; it is impeded by a gap in top management knowledge of IT versus marketing. We also find that integration fosters the much-coveted capabilities of developing and introducing innovations (innovativeness) as well as responding flexibly, swiftly, and adroitly to opportunities (strategic responsiveness). Additionally, we determine integration is bounded by market dynamism. In sum, integration between marketing and IS can be enhanced via managerial efforts, and the relationship is profoundly beneficial to businesses.     

Consumer online privacy concerns and responses: a power–responsibility equilibrium perspective

We use the Power–Responsibility Equilibrium (PRE) framework and advance that consumers balance perceived deficits in privacy protection by power holders (businesses and regulators) with defensive actions. In our model, consumer privacy concern is the endogenous mediating entity linking business policy and regulatory perceptions to negative online user responses. The model was empirically tested and confirmed in an experimental setting. In a second study, we added the nature of consumer information involved into a sub-model. Here, we investigated the moderating role of information sensitivity and congruency on the business policy–concern relationship across three industry contexts. Both hypothesized two-way interactions were confirmed, suggesting that a strong business policy is effective in reducing concern when low sensitivity data are gathered, but insufficient in reducing concern for highly sensitive data. Furthermore, concern increased dramatically when sensitive data were collected that were incongruent with the business context.     

二十世纪美国联邦制的发展--以联邦与州的分权为视角

以联邦与州的权力分配为视角，20世纪美国联邦制的发展可分为三个阶段。研究其在20世纪不同时期的发展演变，可考察联邦与州目前的权力分配状况，从而总结出20世纪美国联邦体制有不断集中的趋势，其中“新政”对其变化起着关键的作用，联邦自身权力在增大，扩大权力的手段也在多样化，各州正日益成为联邦的重要合作者和执行人。     

Marketing control rights and their distribution within technology licensing agreements: a real options perspective

Technology licensing continues to gain popularity as firms seek new sources of revenue from their product development activities. A key decision for the licensor involves whether to distribute marketing control rights associated with licensed technology on a more or less restrictive basis. Drawing on the real options literature, this paper argues that factors related to the top management mindset of the licensor and the marketing capabilities of the licensee impact the licensor??s distribution decision. A logit analysis of 129 technology licensing agreements within the pharmaceutical industry provides strong support for the hypothesized variables and broadens researchers?? understanding of an important marketing decision related to innovation management and the design of inter-firm relationships.     

Service firms and customer loyalty programs: a regulatory fit perspective of reward preferences in a health club setting

In this paper, we examine the impact of various configurations of regulatory fit on the attitudes, exercise intentions and actual behavior of members of a health club loyalty program. Regulatory fit is conceptualized as both the match between types of program rewards and how they are communicated, as well as the congruence between reward types and regulatory focus as a stable, individual disposition. In two experimental designs, non-point reward programs offering a short-term cash bonus were used. The results of Study 1 suggest that regulatory fit has a positive impact on perceived value, exercise intentions and exercise intensity, but not on visit frequency. Analysis of repeated behavioral measures further reveals that regulatory fit has a stronger impact on exercise intensity over time relative to nonfit. Study 2 also confirms the predictive power of regulatory fit over nonfit when conceptualized as the match between reward type and trait regulatory focus.     

经营环境不确定性与企业创新——基于宏观经济和地方政策双重不确定性视角

经营环境不确定性是促进还是抑制企业创新仍存在较大争论.将企业面临的经营环境不确定性区分为宏观经济不确定性和地方政策不确定性,基于2000-2018年中国上市公司数据,分析两类不确定性对企业创新的影响.研究发现:宏观经济不确定性正向影响企业创新,增长期权效应在其中起主导作用,作用渠道在于市场前景的不明朗导致企业经营业绩波动和投资收益率下降,促使企业通过技术创新谋求自我提升和发展;地方政策不确定性负向影响企业创新,实物期权效应在其中起主导作用,作用渠道在于地方政策不确定性导致政府补贴减少和信贷优惠力度下降,迫使企业减少创新活动.通过分析异质性企业之间创新决策的差异,再次验证了两类不确定性对创新影响的主导机制.研究结论具有一定的政策启示:宏观经济不确定性对企业来说不仅意味着挑战还包含着机遇,技术创新是企业应对全球贸易摩擦、新冠肺炎疫情等不确定性冲击的关键;应加快建设服务型政府,打造良好的营商环境,以地方政策的确定性,应对宏观经济环境的不确定性.     

我国消费需求不足的成因与对策——基于产业结构失衡视角

消费需求不足是近年来我国经济运行中的突出问题,扩大消费既是当前保增长的需要,也是实现经济长期可持续发展的必要条件。从产业结构视角出发分析消费需求可以发现,产业结构失衡是当前我国消费需求不足的根源,要扩大消费需求必须对产业结构进行调整和优化,实现产业结构与消费结构的协调,增强产业发展的就业效应与收入增长效应,从而建立起促进消费需求增长的长效机制。     

Relationship journeys in the internet of things: a new framework for understanding interactions between consumers and smart objects

Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science - Consumers’ interactions with smart objects have a relational nature, and extensive research has supported the “relationship metaphor”...     

建筑工程造价与工期的辩证关系

阐述了施工工期与造价的辩证关系。即：工期与经济效益的关系；工期与自然损耗的关系；工期与固定成本的关系；工期与投资成本的关系。     

中小企业发展支持体系:中国与发达国家比较

最近半个世纪以来,西方发达国家纷纷开始重视中小企业的发展,并致力于打造完整的中小企业发展支持体系.英国对中小企业的技术创新支持,美国对中小企业的政府采购支持,德国对中小企业信用担保支持,日本时中小企业的融资支持,对中国打造中小企业发展支持体系具有重要借鉴意义.     

Unpacking the relationship between empowering leadership and service-oriented citizenship behaviors: a multilevel approach

Drawing on empowerment theory, this study examines the effect of empowering leadership on frontline employees’ service-oriented citizenship behaviors and the process by which this effect occurs. The authors conceptualize empowering leadership at two levels: individual level and group level. Using multi- and cross-level modeling based on multi-source data (frontline employees and their supervisors) from a national automobile dealership at two different time points, this study finds that group-level empowering leadership explains unique variance in service-oriented citizenship behaviors above and beyond what is explained by individual-level empowering leadership. Further, psychological empowerment and customer learning climate partially mediate the empowering leadership–service-oriented citizenship behaviors relationship at the individual and group levels, respectively. Finally, the results indicate that a climate for customer learning accentuates the positive effect of psychological empowerment on service-oriented citizenship behaviors. Theoretical and practical implications for improving frontline employee’s service-oriented citizenship behaviors are discussed along with directions for future research.     

设立法定机构:平潭台湾区域对接的路径选择

当前平潭综合实验区开放开发正迈向新的层次,在两岸特殊关系背景下,平潭综合实验区在与台湾区域合作过程中面临着新的困扰和问题。通过设立兼具公共性和经营性的法定机构,创新合作机制,将平潭综合实验区行政部门负责的一些公共管理事务交由法定机构实施与管理,可以有效规避当前两岸关系中的敏感性问题与障碍,有效推进平潭与台湾区域之间的对接与合作。     

旅游职业教育与饭店职业能力需求比较分析

本文通过抽样调查方法,对高职院校旅游专业在学生能力的培养和旅游饭店业人才需求这两方面进行了实证分析研究。研究结果表明高职院校旅游专业在学生能力的培养和旅游饭店业人才需求之间存在差距。高职院校注重学生知识与技能的培养,旅游饭店业则更看重学生综合能力表现。作者认为加强旅游院校与饭店的沟通合作是缩小双方差距的关键。