Past Successes and New Challenges： China＇s Foreign Trade at a Turning Point

Since 1979, China has recorded a remarkable trade performance, which has been driven by international processing and the offshoring strategies of foreign firms. The diversification of Chinese exports and their technological upgrading have been phenomenal However, there is also inertia, illustrated by the persistent dualism of the trade sector, the unrelenting specialization in downmarket products and the deteriorating terms of trade. These weaknesses have helped its partners to adjust to the rise of this new trade power. In the past decade, China＇s economy has faced the adverse effects o fan export-led growth and the global crisis has revealed its vulnerability. China is now forced to rebalance its economy. This will imply major changes in foreign trade, in favor of ordinary trade and away from processing. In the foreseeable future, China is unlikely to become the driver of international demand but will remain the engine of Asian economic integration.     

General Overview of Central Asian Turk＇ s Art of War and Psychology of War

In Central Asian Turkish culture, Turkish nomadic and hunting strategies in the war hold an important place in the affected areas. Lightweight equipment and horses and horseback archery have gained importance in the battle field; factors such as the independence and freedom of the Turkish military have been a source of their courage. Metehan, Oguz, Kursad and 40 warriors on the battlefield have been found in this direction and their struggle for independence period with the Central Asian countries has played an influential role in determining the boundaries. In this research, it has been tried to mention the structure of the Central Asian Turkish army, the structure of the Turkish army and logic of the war psychology.     

Typical pronunciation problems with Chinese students of English

Listening comprehension has always been a major problem for Chinese students of English and it has a lot to do with the dissimilarities between English and Chinese ways of pronunciation. This paper tries to explore the discrepancy in terms of the timing and stress property in the two languages and also illustrates the author’s effort to apply the English pronunciation properties in her English teaching.     

International Entertainment Incentives： Strategic Choices in a Global Market

Although business incentives in general have not been proven to be as economically sound as once expected, the United States and other countries still use them to attract the business of entertainment. Although there are some common elements, the overall approach to incentives varies-as does their effectiveness. The majority of the United States has opened their coffers to incentives, and many other countries have as well. This paper looks at the present standing of international entertainment incentives and opens the future of research in this growing area. The analysis shows that international incentives are not only designed to stimulate job development, but also advance the culture of a country or region. In context, this paper shows that these two goals are counter-productive and recommends that governments focus on industry creation and jobs.     

Chinese Macroeconomic Stabilisation and Reform： A Briefing Note

I. IntroductionThe growth rate in China since 1979 has been one of the highest in the world averagingroughly 8 percent until the end of 2002 (Borensztein and Ostry, 1996; World Bank, 2002).1Part of this growth has been fuelled by the accumulation of labor and capital factor inputs(Koo and Lou, 1999). Another part of this growth has been fuelled by the accumulation oftechnology and codified knowledge through technological diffusion from multi-nationalenterprises and imports (Borensztein and…     

RMB Exchange Market Pressure and Central Bank Exchange Market Intervention

The present paper uses the model-dependent and the modeL independent approach to measure the RMB exchange market pressure （EMP） and the central bank＇s intervention using monthly data from January 1999 to June 2008. It is determined that the RMB has been under great appreciation pressure over the past decade. However, the pressure has been weakening since 2005. The two approaches provide significantly different results in terms of the estimated RMB EMP indices and the estimated central bank＇s interventions. The differences may lead to different predietions of potential currency crises. According to the estimation of the RMB EMP, and based on the model-independent approach, the paper shows that China has been under threat of an appreciation currency crisis since 2008. Therefore, China should adopt a moreflexible exchange rate regime to prevent a potential crisis.     

National Policy of Tourism in Brazil From Municipalisation to Regionalization

The decade of 1980 has been a time of changes to the world and also in Brazil. The fall of the Berlin Wall and the globalization are phenomena which marked the late 20th century. Brazil was part of this scenario as it went through structural changes, including Real Plan, which brought stability along with the possibility of growth and development. Tourism is enveloped by neoliberalism as a way of attracting investments, investors, better infrastructures, and changing the country＇s image. As far as Brazilian public policies of tourism are concerned, there are two points that constitute the objective of this present work： to analyze the national Program of Municipalisation of Tourism （PMNT） and the Program of Regionalization of Tourism （PRT） considering the context of post-democratization in Brazil and its influences on the organization of national tourism. This analysis has been focused on the content of constitutional documents which have oriented tourism public policy, as well as authors who investigate this theme. From a conceptual map, the relations between political context and the moment when documents were elaborated have been built up. By the end of this work it will be possible to point out the prevalence of the neoliberal model, along with the interest of market agents over Brazilian touristic context.     

On Grammar Translation Approach and Communicative Language Teaching

Be driven by new knowledge about the learner and the English language, foreign language teaching has developed into many different schools based on different theories. All of them have their own advantages and disadvantages. Focusing on two of the most commonly used ones--the Grammar Translation Approach and Communicative Language Teaching, this paper gives comments about these two different approaches and give advices that combine them together to promote language teaching.     

US Presidential Election 2008： Policy Implications for US-China Trade and Investment

The next US president will be elected in November 2008. Since the relative stabilization of war in Iraq, the economy has become the national priority of the 2008 US election. In their campaign efforts, the Democrats have enjoyed greater momentum than the Republicans, in terms of polls, fund-raising and corporate support. After the Bush era, the next president will seek to restore America＇s leadership and to engage in multilateralism. Since the 1990s, China has been the most rapidly-growing US export destination. In terms of US-Shinese trade and investment, the next president, ira Democrat, will, among other issues, review trade agreements and has pledged to co-sponsor legislation that would allow US companies to seek anti-dumping duties on Chinese imports based on the perceived undervaluation of the Chinese currency. If a Republican, the next president will support global integration and oppose protectionist measures. The Democratic Congress is likely to oppose Republican policies in general and free trade policies in particular. Both scenarios imply increasing pressure on US-Chinese trade and investment relationships. Because these two nations now account for almost half of global growth, the state of the futureUS-Chinese bilateral relationship has worldwide implications.     

中国西部大开发的进展及效果评价

I. IntroductionThanks to the powerful support of the state in funds and policy, the western Chinadevelopment drive has been proceeding in an orderly and steady manner since it waslaunched three years ago. Substantial progress has been made in the construction ofinfrastructure projects in the western regions and work has started in all aspects of theconstruction of ecological environment, e.g. Qinghai-Tibet Railway, the west-east naturalgas transmission project, the west-east power transmissi…     

防范泡沫经济:基于金融危机背景下适度发展虚拟经济的理论分析

虚拟经济过度膨胀,使虚拟经济与实体经济的增长相背离,引发泡沫经济。一旦泡沫经济破灭会给宏观经济带来灾难性的后果。这次全球性金融危机的爆发就是虚拟经济负面影响的必然结果。因此,适度发展虚拟经济,预防泡沫经济的发生,对于促进我国虚拟经济的发展有着重要警示意义。     

对《完全市场经济还有多远》的几点质疑

关于什么是市场经济以及如何建设市场经济的问题,既是一个重要的理论问题,也是关系到我国建立社会主义市场经济的一个重要的实践问题。《完全市场经济还有多远》一文,对有关计划经济的弊病和市场经济一些问题进行了探讨,但有些问题,如:商品经济与市场经济的关系问题,计划经济的缺陷是什么以及什么是好的市场经济问题,还需要进一步探讨。     

现行科技税收政策的经济分析及其选择

本文对新经济与传统经济在宏微观上进行了比较分析 ,将有助于对新经济内涵的理解。     

社会主义市场经济理论逻辑演进的五个问题

一百多年马克思恩格斯计划经济理论实现的历史,逻辑地演进出了社会主义市场经济理论。从中抽象出五个重要问题,可形成对这一理论和过程的科学理解。     

浅论混合所有制经济中的民营经济

民营经济作为我国混合所有制经济中的一个重要组成部分,已成为我国国民经济多年来保持高速发展的重要源泉和推动力量,并在完善我国社会主义市场经济,处理增量资本和存量资本关系时发挥着不可替代的作用.因此,重视研究我国民营经济发展中的问题,是十分必要的.     

解析古代农耕经济产业与游牧经济产业

本文是对古代农业的两种形式——农耕经济与游牧经济——的现象分析,涉及到农耕经济与游牧经济的形成发展,以及经济间的交流,对古代社会文化的影响。     

创立西部特色经济的三个问题

西部大开发是中国经济发展战略的重要组成部分。西部必须从三个方面入手,建成具有特色的区域经济。即创立新的经济发展主体,建立特色区域经济发展的根本动力,构筑新的产业结构,培育特色区域经济产业支柱和实施新的块状形产业市场,形成特色区域经济地区重点。     

非公有企业促进绿色经济发展战略研究

经过多年的改革,非公有企业已成为我国社会主义市场经济的重要组成部分并且给中国的经济发展带来了蓬勃的动力。绿色经济是符合可持续性发展目标的产业经济,绿色经济的发展与非公有企业之间的关系密不可分。基于我国非公有企业的发展现状以及我国的资源条件、经济环境,研究了非公有企业对我国绿色经济发展的积极作用及促进方式——发展绿色产业的产业链、帮助培养绿色科技人才并提供发展机遇与渠道、提升技术创新能力促进环境技术进步、吸引投资者对绿色项目进行投资、助力政府的绿色政策制度。通过对于促进作用的分析找出仍需加强的内容并给出相关建议——区域绿色经济发展协调性需加强、科技人才的管理方式需要创新、非公有企业监管存在漏洞、绿色创新质量及创新氛围尚待加强。     

Analysing Mechanism of an Economic Phase

In this paper, we define the thetical and antithetical phases of macroeconomy on a formal basis. And we formulate a bubble economy and its collapse by using these definitions. The concept of thetical and antithetical phases is introduced into economics by Kinoshita. In the course of discussion, we also make clear the difference between economic growth and bubble economy, while describing a mechanism of collapse of a bubble economy by using a simple macro-economic model instead of a specific model. As a result, we can analyse not only the state of thetical economy phase, and antithetical economy phase, but also bubble economy phase and bubble bursting economy phase. And we can describe mechanism of transitions among four economic phases.     

河南省县域经济发展问题研究

河南省县域经济在全省经济社会发展中具有举足轻重的作用，但也存在着如经济强县少、地域发展不平衡、工业化水平低、不少县（市）间经济发展缺乏明显特色等问题。因地制宜，发展特色化工业、实现农业产业化、壮大民营经济、发展劳务经济、重视县域经济的可持续发展等是促进河南县域经济快速发展的必然选择。