竹炭产业对新农村建设贡献的实证研究——以浙江省遂昌县为案例

回顾遂昌县竹炭业发展历程,概括了行业生产规模、市场开拓、新产品研发及竹炭产业在新农村建设中发挥重要作用等方面情况,总结了遂昌竹炭产业快速发展的政策支持因素。同时,剖析了遂昌县竹炭产业发展中面临思想观念落后、土地和资金短缺、林产品市场体系发育不健全以及行业管理薄弱等问题。提出了今后发展基本思路与对策。     

我国竹炭产品营销策略

绿色产品造福人类、造福社会,目前竹炭经济无疑是发展的＂黄金时期＂。本文在对我国竹炭经济现状研究的基础上,对竹炭产品在上海的销售状况进行调查,比较分析各推广模式的优劣及可行性,为竹炭产品的推广出谋划策。在调查和成文的过程中,发现问题,力求能够给予上海的竹炭经销商一些建议,同时希望竹炭产品也能被更广大的人们所熟知和应用,进而推动我国竹炭业的发展。     

竹炭在竹子产业链中的重要性

竹炭生产在我国是新兴的行业,它利用竹子加工的剩余物经高温处理形成竹炭,用于燃料或净化空气与水,并经进一步加工形成再制品用于环保、保健、纺织品等等。近年来,家居装修材料对室内空气的影响,新汽车内部的空气质量以及水的质量问题日益引起人们关注,竹炭在这些方面都有很好的效用,市场前景广阔。竹炭生产在竹子产业链中居于精深加工的一环,同时也是实现竹子产业循环经济的一环。它的发展不但可以大大延伸竹子产业链,提高产品附加值,也可以充分利用竹材资源,促进竹业健康发展。针对我国竹炭业发展中遇到的问题,提出一些对策建议。     

遂昌县竹炭产业发展面临的问题及其对策

剖析浙江省遂昌县竹炭产业发展中面临的诸如企业主思想观念落后、企业规模偏小竞争实力不强、土地和资金短缺、林产品市场体系发育不健全等问题。在明确遂昌竹炭业今后发展基本思路的同时,提出了加强学习,进一步转变观念;组建以现有龙头企业为核心的企业集团;切实推进产品结构的调整和优化;有效应对和化解企业发展中遭遇的瓶颈因素等相应的对策,以促进遂昌县竹炭产业的快速发展。     

加强技术交流合作 促进竹炭产业发展——2009中国（国际）竹炭产业高峰论坛在庆元举行

四海宾朋聚菇城，竹炭产业谋发展。12月1日，2009中国庆元（国际）竹炭产业发展高峰论坛隆重举行。本次高峰论坛由省林业厅、浙江林学院、南京林业大学、丽水市人民政府联合主办，省竹产业协会竹炭分会和庆元县人民政府共同承办。活动以“加强技术合作交流、促进竹炭产业发展”为主题，旨在通过国际学术研究活动，加强竹炭产业的合作与交流，拓宽竹炭产业市场，促进竹产业整体发展进程，扩大庆元竹产业的影响力。     

连续式高性能竹炭烧制

竹炭作为传统材料，由于其热值高、无烟气味而主要用于烘烤取暖。近年来研究表明，竹炭在保温、去湿、调温、净化水质、改良土壤、保健等方面，均有显著的作用，也是制造优质活性炭的原料。因此，目前国际市场上竹炭的需求量日益增大。此外，竹炭制造过程产生的竹醋液可作为医药原料、熏烟味的哺育剂、     

发展竹炭经济引导低碳生活

“中国竹炭产业基地”建成典礼暨“中国竹炭产业科技创新论坛”在遂昌举行 为促进国内外竹炭产业之间相互交流合作，增强竹炭企业的创造力和凝聚力，提升遂昌竹炭知名度，5月30日，由中国竹产业协会、浙江省林业厅主办的“中国竹炭产业基地”建成典礼暨“中国竹炭产业科技创新论坛”在遂昌举行。     

食竹炭排毒需谨慎

<正>据台湾《联合报》报道,不少台湾商人将日本当红的竹炭烘焙技术引进台湾,有民众煮饭、烧水时放入竹炭,也有人把竹炭添加在蛋糕、饼干、冰淇淋等各式食物里,标榜"体内环保"能排毒。     

江山竹炭业发展迅速

近年来，江山市竹炭生产发展迅速，竹炭也被林农称为“乌金”，每年可增牧400万元以上：目前，全市竹炭企业已迭9家，年产量2195吨，产值2894万元。图为阳明科技竹炭公司深加工车间一角，     

科技让竹炭成为人类的“健康卫士”

在很多人眼里，黑黑的竹炭脏兮兮的，但是中国工程院院士、浙江农林大学教授张齐生和他的团队却用了近10年的时间，潜心开展“竹炭生产关键技术、应用机理及系列产品开发”项目的研究工作。     

Price transmission between products at different stages of manufacturing in forest industries

The theory of demand and supply implies a positive relationship, or “price transmission” between the prices of products at different stages of manufacturing. This relationship was investigated with quarterly prices of softwood stumpage in the US South, and national prices of forest products, from 1977 to 2002. All prices, net of inflation, were found to be nonstationary and there was no evidence of co-integration between prices. Vector autogressive models, augmented by Granger causality tests and multiplier analysis showed that there was a one-to-one permanent positive response of the southern sawtimber stumpage price to a permanent change in the national lumber price. There was also a one-third permanent positive response of the national paper price to a permanent change in the national pulp price. There was no relation between regional pulpwood prices and national pulp or paper prices. When price transmission was significant, the full adjustment took about 2 years.     

Application of an ecosystem function framework to perceptions of community woodlands

Owners, local residents, government, and conservation organisations can express divergent preferences in the development and management of local woodlands. The perceptions of these four groups were examined, in the context of three community woodlands in Eastern England, using an ecosystem function framework. In a pilot study, residents were able to allocate a relative importance to woodland ecosystem services which were then related to “regulation”, “habitat”, and “production” or “information” functions. However residents also placed importance on negative services or “dis-services” associated with the woodland ecosystem. Therefore a fifth category of “dis-services” was included in the main survey which included 84 local residents, three woodland owners, three government institutions, and six representatives from conservation groups. Each of the four groups placed greatest importance on services associated with habitat (16–39% of the total importance) and information (30–50%) functions suggesting, in this example, mutual interest in the use of woodlands as a habitat or recreational resource. By contrast a potential area of difference was the particularly high importance placed by one owner on dis-services such as fly tipping. In addition the woodland owners placed higher importance (10–20%), than local residents and conservation groups (7–9%), on the productive services of the wood. This suggests a need for communication when production-related operations affect recreation. The ecosystem function framework appears to be a useful approach for highlighting potential tensions and areas of mutual interest in the management of semi-natural ecosystems.     

In Vino ‘No’ Veritas: impacts of fraud on wine imports in China

China is one of the largest wine importing countries in the world and is poised for continued import growth in the future. Increased wine purchases throughout China have given rise to persistent fraud where fake wines are packaged and sold with counterfeit contents and labels. For exporting countries like France, counterfeit wines displace market share, damage foreign brand reputation, and cause distrust in consumers who are aware of counterfeiting problems throughout the country. We examine the impact of fraudulent wine events (as measured by negative media reports) on Chinese wine demand differentiated by supplying country. We employ the Rotterdam demand system and a switching regression procedure to estimate import demand and compare results across different media variable specifications. Results consistently show that negative reports disproportionately affect French wine regardless of how the media variable is specified. This is not surprising because most fraudulent events involve French wine counterfeits.     

An evaluation framework for earthquake-responsive land administration

In recent years earthquakes and their secondary hazards have claimed the largest number of lives of all large natural disasters. Some of the world’s most earthquake-prone zones are also areas of high population density. The impact is magnified by vulnerability factors including non-enforcement of building codes, knowledge gaps, urban poverty and poor governance capacity to manage and reduce earthquake risks. Poor security of land tenure and property rights increases the vulnerability of people and affects their ability to respond to natural disasters.Earthquake recovery and reconstruction provides very significant challenges for land agencies, with these challenges differing from one country to the next due to differences in the local context. Drawing on contrasting case studies in Haiti, Nepal and New Zealand this paper identifies the common post-earthquake land administration functions and challenges that may apply to many contexts. These lessons provide land agencies and other key stakeholders with a summary of the challenges an earthquake poses for land administration at different post-disaster stages. We also discuss the policy and regulatory, institutional, operational and preparedness lessons for land administration. From these lessons we propose a framework for evaluating the earthquake-responsiveness of a land administration system. This framework can be used by a land agency in an earthquake prone region, or where an earthquake has recently occurred, to assess what challenges to land administration might occur in the event of an earthquake, and the preparedness of their land administration system.     

Agrarian Poverty,Nutrition and Economic Class – A Study of Gujarat,India

This paper analyses poverty and calorific undernourishment in the Indian state of Gujarat, where high and market‐led industrial growth has resulted in rapid economic improvement. The study is carried out through a combination of secondary and survey‐based data. We conclude that the neoliberal agenda of uncontrolled, outward‐looking growth has not resulted in significant reduction of poverty or malnourishment in rural areas. Furthermore, while land ownership is officially used as a proxy for wealth distribution, class position appears a better predictor of poverty status in the rural areas than landownership per se. At the policy level, there is a need to revive the agrarian economy and create new non‐agricultural assets, and the primary focus in the state must shift to the distribution of created assets rather than a single‐minded focus on growth.     

Does sustainable agricultural growth require a system of innovation? Evidence from Ghana and Burkina Faso

This paper tests the ‘systems of innovation’ hypothesis for a selection of crops in Ghana and Burkina Faso that have shown significant growth in production over an approximately 20-year period. The question is whether such growth can only occur if supported by a system of innovation. Using two indicators (a common understanding on objectives and priorities, and a high level of interactivity), we find little evidence for the existence of anything that might be considered a high functioning system of innovation.     

Local impacts of industrial tree plantations: An empirical analysis in Indonesia across plantation types

The values ascribed to industrial tree plantations are often controversial. Hence knowledge of their perceived impacts is important for improving their integration in rural landscapes. In 2016 we conducted household surveys with 606 respondents living in villages adjacent to acacia, teak and pine plantations across three islands in Indonesia (Java, Borneo, Sumatra). Results show that perceptions toward pine and teak plantations tend to differ from those toward acacia pulpwood plantations in several ways. Pine and teak plantations are perceived to have a higher number and variety of benefits and services, a higher number of positive impacts, a better environmental record, and to present more opportunities to local people for use of plantation land and products for improving rural livelihoods. In addition, we find that villagers around acacia pulpwood plantations tend to seek economic development and infrastructure to open up remote areas, yet their expectations were often only partially met. Recommendations from our analysis include: the role of the State in plantations must be clarified and potentially reinforced; the role of institutions as intermediaries is fundamental; and contributions by communities to design of management plans should be accommodated.     

Upstream demand for water use by new tree plantations imposes externalities on downstream irrigated agriculture and wetlands*

Large‐scale tree plantations in high rainfall upstream areas can reduce fresh water inflows to river systems, thereby imposing external costs on downstream irrigation, stock and domestic water users and wetland interests. We take the novel approach of expressing all benefits and costs of establishing plantations in terms of $ per gigalitre (GL) of water removed annually from river flows, setting upstream demands on the same basis as downstream demands. For the Macquarie Valley, a New South Wales sub‐catchment of Australia’s Murray‐Darling Basin, we project changes in land and water use and changes in economic surpluses under two policy settings: without and with a policy requiring permanent water entitlements to be purchased from downstream parties, before plantation establishment. Without the policy, and given a high stumpage value for trees ($70/m³), upstream gains in economic surplus projected from expanding plantations are $639 million; balanced against $233 million in economic losses by downstream irrigators and stock and domestic water users for a net gain of $406 million, but 345 GL lower mean annual environmental flows. With the policy, smaller gains in upstream economic surplus from trees ($192 million), added to net downstream gains ($138 million) from sale of water, result in gains of $330 million with no reduction in environmental flows. Sustaining the 345 GL flow for a $76 million (406–330) reduction in gains to economic surplus may be seen to cost only $0.22 million/GL; but this is much lower than the market value of the first units of that water to agriculture and forestry.     

Underpayment of Small Producers of Coffee and Cocoa in Sierra Leone

Fieldwork shows that many Sierra Leonean producers do not receive the official producer price for their coffee and cocoa, due to the concentration of buying stations, credit relations, the small quantities offered for sale, and the lack of marketing knowledge of the numerous and unorganized farmers. To the traders underpayment may seem economically justifiable to a certain extent, but to the farmers it means poverty and debt. A new village marketing centre project aims at remedying this situation and has already led to higher prices. Although no longer allowed to take their "just" share from the producers, traders are still willing to deal with the new centres.     

Malaria incidence and agricultural efficiency in Uganda

The cost of accessing healthcare can be a major determinant of disease prevalence, which in turn has short‐ and long‐term welfare implications on poor households. In response, governments in developing countries often resort to subsidizing the cost of drugs, which, while perhaps easier to administer, may not always be the most effective way of addressing healthcare cost. In this regard, we analyze the impact of different types of household level health expenses on disease incidence and agricultural production efficiency. We use data from the 2006 Uganda National Household Survey, which covered approximately 7,400 households. The results suggest that a 10% increase in consultation, medicine, and hospitalization expenses would reduce malaria incidence respectively by 35.6%, 20.5%, and 21.3 %, which translates into a 1.1%, 0.6%, and 0.6 % decrease in agricultural inefficiency, respectively. The results indicate that helping poor households meet expenses for consultation through subsidies or eliminating consultation fees has a larger impact on malaria incidence and agricultural productivity among poor rural households than subsidizing the cost of medical drugs, the most common avenue chosen by developing country governments in the fight against the disease.