博弈论在女性劳动供给分析中的应用

共同偏好模型由于无法解决家庭成员个人偏好与共同偏好之间的冲突问题,进而无法解释清楚离婚、家庭内部收入结构、法律关于婚姻财产的规定等因素对女性劳动供给行为的影响。合作博弈模型和非合作博弈模型,定义了家庭成员独立的个人偏好函数,并通过博弈的方法分析了包括劳动供给在内的家庭内部决策过程,打开了家庭内部决策的黑箱,为解释女性劳动供给行为提供另一可行的分析框架。     

家庭非农劳动供给时间的影响因素分析

非农劳动供给在家庭中占有非常重要的地位。本文利用四川和安徽12年12乡的农户调查数据,采用Heckman两阶段模型,对影响家庭非农劳动供给的因素做了实证分析。研究结果表明,年龄轻、家庭平均受教育程度高、家庭初始经济能力有利于家庭非农劳动供给决策和非农劳动时间的增加;家庭中男女劳动力的比例对非农劳动供给时间具有不同的影响,土地资源匮乏是家庭从事非农劳动供给的重要原因。文章认为,政府应当在教育培训、信贷支持、通讯设施建设方面加以完善,以增加农户家庭的非农劳动供给。     

家庭决策、教育体系与劳动参与率——从劳动力供给的角度来看中国的失业问题

失业问题既可从劳动力需求不足的角度分析,又可从劳动力供给过剩的角度分析;文章尝试从劳动力供给的角度来研究我国的失业问题,通过家庭决策、教育体系两个方面来分析我国劳动参与率特别是19岁以下人口劳动参与率过大的原因,进而找到改善我国劳动力供给状况的有效途径,以缓解目前日益严峻的失业问题。     

劳动经济学视角下的“民工荒”现象

该文试图从劳动经济学的角度入手对我国“民工荒”现象进行探讨,利用劳动经济学的个人劳动力供给分析的基本模式,从微观层次找出影响个人劳动供给行为决策的因素,进而运用劳动力市场供求理论,结合我国的具体实际从宏观层次分析我国农民工劳动力市场供求状况的变化,以期找出影响农民工供给和需求的因素。最后,为保障农民工的基本权益和改善“民工荒”的现状,提出了相应的针对性的建议措施。     

影子工资、影子收入与农户劳动供给——基于四川沐川县、安徽金寨县的调查分析

贫困地区就业的典型特征是自我雇佣,很少从事有酬劳动。如何在没有工资的情况下估计劳动供给行为就成为一个难题。在这种情况下,通过影子工资和影子收入来观察农户及其成员的劳动供给行为,为我们研究农户劳动力配置提供了一个有效的分析工具。本文利用Translog和C—D生产函数对四川省沐川县、安徽金寨县农户在林业、种植业、畜牧业和非农业的影子工资率进行估算,并利用Heckman两阶段模型分析了影子工资率等因素对农户劳动供给的影响,结果表明该地区农户的影子工资与劳动时间之间是负向关系,闲暇对于男性和女性来说是劣质品,家庭劳动供给的联合决策特征非常明显,家庭劳动力存在主次之分,该结论对于说明家庭内劳动分工以及劳动力流动有一定的指导意义。     

无就业增长与非均衡劳工市场动态学

本文直接模拟了劳工市场的非均衡过程、工资动态轨迹、经济人的最优行为和适应性优化行为。劳动供给源于家庭的效用最大化 ,劳动需求源于企业的利润最大化。企业的适应性优化行为和若干制度因素构成了工资刚性的基本要素 ,劳工市场的供求力量也是影响工资变动的重要因素。根据劳动生产率的变化对工资进行适应性的调节是现实世界企业工资决策的普遍实践。工资刚性与高劳动生产率并存是造成无就业增长的真正原因     

养老保险制度选择与劳动供给研究

在内生经济增长模型中,劳动是影响生产函数或产出的重要因素。生产过程中劳动投入的多少取决于劳动的供给。养老保险的缴费与给付是否关联以及两者之间的比较必然会影响个人的劳动供给决策。研究养老保险制度选择对劳动供给的影响,主要是考察不同的养老保险制度是如何影响劳动者的退休决策和在职期间劳动者的劳动供给决策的。     

老年父母照料家庭与成年子女劳动供给——基于CFPS微观数据的分析

多代直系家庭成员之间紧密的社会经济联系是我国家庭文化的重要特征,因而老年人在家庭照料等方面具有重要的社会价值.文章利用2010年、2012年和2014年中国家庭追踪调查数据,构建面板模型并实证分析了老年父母的隔代照料及料理家务活动对子女劳动供给的影响.结果发现,老年父母的隔代照料显著提高了子女的劳动供给,其中男性劳动参与率提高了6.3％,女性提高了14.3％,并且女性的工作时间增加幅度远大于男性.此外,隔代照料对农村居民劳动参与率的影响大于城市居民,而对城市居民就业的影响主要体现在工作时间上,公共服务不均等以及就业能力和工作性质的差距是异质性产生的重要原因.文章从老年人影响青年人劳动力供给的角度,验证了老年人的社会价值,也从侧面说明了中国女性为何有条件更加“勤劳”.     

已婚妇女劳动力供给行为研究

妇女走出家庭，进入社会就业已成为当今世界的普遍现象。由于已婚妇女在家庭中扮演了极其重要的角色，其就业决策不仅受各种客观的社会经济因素的影响，而且受家庭实际情况的影响。本文通过对已婚妇女劳动力供给行为的分析，揭示影响已婚妇女就业选择的各种因素，并提出解决已婚妇女如何兼顾家庭劳动和市场工作的对策：阶段性就业、弹性工时制和家务劳动社会化。     

林业主产区农户影子工资对家庭劳动供给影响的实证分析

本文利用1990—2001年我国四川省沐川县、安徽省金寨县480户农户的数据,采用Translog函数和C-D生产函数对样本林业主产区农户在林业、种植业、畜牧业和非农业的影子工资进行估算,并利用Heckman两阶段模型分析了影子工资、影子收入、户主年龄、户主受教育程度、家庭负担等因素对农户劳动供给的影响。研究结果表明:样本林业主产区农户的影子工资与劳动供给时间存在负向关系,闲暇对于农户家庭中男性和女性来说是劣质品;农户家庭劳动供给的联合决策特征非常明显;农户家庭劳动力存在主次之分,该结论对于说明农户家庭内劳动分工以及劳动力流动有一定的指导意义。     

新生代农民工的城市创业与国家政策

创业是劳动者对自身或他人拥有的资源进行优化整合,以独立自主的方式创造出更大经济或社会价值的过程。国家的相关政策会对创业过程产生重要影响。当前,国家对海外归国人员和大学生创业给予了众多政策优惠,但对新生代农民工群体创业却鲜有政策支持,不符合公共政策公平公正的价值理念。创业对新生代农民工的城市适应等方面发挥了巨大作用,但因为"流动的劳动力体制"及附着其上的其他政策的存在,造成了劳动力市场的户籍分层,新生代农民工创业过程也遭遇瓶颈。为此,在短时间内无法改变"流动的劳动力体制"的情况下,应对的办法是放松其他现有政策限制,为新生代农民工创业提供更好的政策平台。     

Fertility,household structure,and parental labor supply: Evidence from China

This study examines the effects of fertility on household structure and parental labor supply in China. To solve the endogeneity problem, we use a unique survey on households with twin children and a comparison group of non-twin households. The ordinary least squares estimates show a negative correlation between fertility and parental labor supply in rural China. Using twinning as a natural experiment, we do not find evidence on the negative effects of fertility on parental labor supply. By contrast, we find that the twinning-induced increase in fertility significantly enhances the coresidence of grandparents in rural China. We suggest that the negative effects of fertility on parental labor supply are mitigated by the childcare provided by grandparents in rural China. We also find that fertility does not induce coresidence of grandparents in urban China. Our results have important implications for population and public childcare policies.     

Distortions,infrastructure, and female labor supply in developing countries

In this paper I document cross-country gaps between gross domestic product (GDP) per capita and GDP per worker. The gaps are driven mostly by a lower female labor force participation (LFP) in developing countries. Females began to participate more in the labor markets of these countries when more households acquired access to basic infrastructure and when distortive policies affecting the prices of household appliances were partially removed. I use a model of home production with endogenous labor force participation to account for these facts. I find that the prices of household appliances and access to infrastructure are quantitatively important in explaining cross-country labor supply differences.     

Impact of remittances on male and female labor force participation patterns in Africa: Quasi‐experimental evidence from Ghana

In this paper, we examine how remittances, an outcome of labor mobility, affect labor market activities in Ghana using detailed household and individual‐level data. This is important, considering the extensive literature that has documented the remittance–poverty reduction nexus. First, we find a strong negative association between household remittance‐receiving status and individual labor supply decisions using instrumental variable estimation techniques. Second, we find the depressing effect of remittances on labor supply decisions to be much stronger in rural areas. Rural women who reside in remittance‐receiving households are less likely to be in the labor force compared with those who do not reside in such households. Remittances have very little impact on labor supply decisions in urban areas. Our findings support that remittances can exacerbate long‐term poverty reduction in rural areas through lower labor force participation, and as such rural‐based and gender‐based interventions may be needed to help redirect remittance income.     

Life cycle employment and fertility across institutional environments

In this paper, we formulate a dynamic utility maximization model of female labor force participation and fertility choices and estimate approximate decision rules using data on married women in Italy, Spain and France. The estimated decision rules indicate that first-order state dependence is the most important factor determining female labor supply behavior in all three countries. We also find that cross-country differences in state dependence effects are consistent with the order of country-level measures of labor market flexibility and child care availability. Counterfactual simulations of the model indicate that female employment rates in Italy and Spain could reach EU target levels were French social policies to be adopted in those countries.     

Having It All? Employment,Earnings, and Children*

We study the effect of family policies on female employment, fertility, and the gender wage gap. We develop a life‐cycle model of heterogeneous households featuring endogenous labor supply, human capital accumulation, fertility, and home production. Our results suggest that human capital accumulation is important in accounting for the widening of the gender wage gap following children. We find that, in aggregate, childcare subsidies promote maternal employment and fertility, although the effects are heterogeneous across couples. A subsidy on home goods increases female employment, but primarily later in life. Thus, it does not dampen the widening of the gender gap.     

Intra-household labor supply,migration, and subsistence constraints in a risky environment: Evidence from rural El salvador

We investigate the use of intra-household labor allocation as a means of risk coping when subsistence constraints matter in rural El Salvador. We show that households increase the labor supply of its male members to the family farm and abroad in the US after being subjected to adverse agricultural productivity shocks. The latter is the result of a standard substitution effect, whereas the former is the result of subsistence concerns. Theoretically, these results are not at odds with each other if these events differentially impacted rich and poor households. We also show that the earthquakes of 2001 resulted in large reductions in the number of female members who were sent abroad and large increases in hours of domestic labor supplied by female members. We argue that this result is a consequence of subsistence motives because female labor supply at home increased despite lower remuneration.     

The Economic Impact of AIDS Treatment: Labor Supply in Western Kenya

Using longitudinal survey data collected in collaboration with a treatment program, this paper estimates the economic impacts of antiretroviral treatment. The responses in two outcomes are studied: (1) labor supply of treated adult AIDS patients; and (2) labor supply of individuals in patients' households. Within six months after treatment initiation, there is a 20 percent increase in the likelihood of the patient participating in the labor force and a 35 percent increase in weekly hours worked. Young boys in treated patients' households work significantly less after treatment initiation, while girls and adult household members do not change their labor supply.     

Politics, economics, and nursing shortages: a critical look at United States government policies

The economic concept that the independent actions of buyers and sellers tend to move the market toward equilibrium where there is no shortage or surplus is basic in the classic and current literature of economics. The problem with subsidies is that nurses who receive subsidized educations are able to provide nursing services for less compensation because they paid less or nothing for their educations. Subsidies may be politically appealing, but they override market forces of supply and demand. The demand for nurses and nursing instructors can be met and maintained for generations to come with policies that expand roles and reimbursement for APNs and encourage the nurse and nursing instructor labor markets to correct themselves by providing fair compensation under Magnet status working conditions. Politics and policies meant to correct the nursing shortage should focus less on how to reduce the cost of producing nurses, and more on how to afford to compensate nurses with wages and benefits that achieve market equilibrium.