智力外流对欧盟新成员国人力资本的影响——基于波兰的经验研究

伴随全球化的深入,"智力外流"引发的问题受到越来越多国际组织、政府和学者的重视。本文根据最新的区分教育水平的多国移民面板数据,以波兰为例,考察了欧盟新成员国这一特定国家组的智力外流经验数据,研究了其对母国长期人力资本存量的影响。本文采用反事实假定测验法,模拟了波兰的智力外流对其人力资本的影响。结论是:欧盟新成员国的智力外流问题突出;就波兰智力外流而言,在上世纪90年代,对外净流失的高教育移民上升了66.9%,从而导致母国高教育劳动力比率有了0.3%的下降,对母国的长期人力资本存量形成了负向冲击。     

The Impact of Brain Drain on Human Capital in Developing Countries

The debate over the effect of human capital flight on educational attainment in immigrants' source countries has received huge theoretical propositions but a few analytical approaches. This paper examines the short‐run and long‐run impact of skilled migration rates (brain drain) on human capital formation in migrants' source developing countries. Specifically, we revisited some empirical studies that found evidence of beneficial brain drain in migrants' source countries. Our empirical result, using school enrolments does not only disagree with theirs but also presents an insight on how human capital leakages that occur through brain drain can be counterbalanced through remittances received in the immigrants' source countries.     

Manpower and educational shortages in the Arab world: An interim strategy

This paper sets out the problems faced by the Arab countries in trying to meet their pressing demands for skilled manpower. The first part of the paper, therefore, describes the inadequacies in the existing educational infrastructure, e.g. inadequacies in quantity, quality, content and distribution of education as well as the ‘brain drain’. This discussion lays the groundwork for the author's interim strategy for reducing shortages of crucial skills by: (i) drawing on the skills, education and know-how of currently employed expatriates to teach on-site training courses, (ii) enticing skilled Arab emigrants to return to their home countries to teach university, technical or extension courses, and (iii) ‘bonding’ of recent graduates for service in underprivileged areas.     

移民网络促进FDI流入——基于中国经验的分析

近年我国智力外流现象严重,以致引起国内外众多媒体热逐以及学术界的关注,然而,研究中国不同教育层次移民对 FDI 流入影响的经验文献仍较缺乏.本文考察了中国在经合组织各国的移民网络是否促进了来源于该国家的 FDI 流入中国.实证结果显示:当地移民网络为中国 FDI 的流入提供了重要的推动力;其中,高等教育移民在 1%的水...     

Inequality of opportunity and household education expenditures: Evidence from panel data in China

This paper offers one of the first pieces of empirical evidence on the impact of inequality of opportunity on household education investment by using the panel data from China Family Panel Studies (CFPS) in three waves (2010, 2012 and 2014). Our result suggests that inequality of opportunity has a negative effect on household education expenditures. This result is robust to a series of robustness checks. Furthermore, for relatively disadvantaged households (household heads with less education, income, or rural hukou status), inequality of opportunity has a larger negative effect on their education expenditures. Policy suggestions to lower inequality of opportunity may include reducing labor market discrimination based on gender and hukou status, balancing education resources to create more equal educational opportunities, and offering children education subsidies in low-income families.     

Lotteries,Litigation, and Education Finance

In 1993, the state of Georgia instituted a lottery that earmarked new funds for instructional and capital expenditures in public schools. In that same year, Tennessee began court-ordered education finance reforms that were also designed to promote instructional and capital expenditures. Using district-level panel data, this study presents empirical evidence on how these disparate policies influenced the patterns of educational revenues by source and expenditures by function. The results suggest that both state policies increased the state aid to the poorest districts and promoted some spending on the targeted functions. However, the results also suggest that these reforms influenced spending in several other functional areas.     

Interprovincial Migration and Human Capital Formation in China*

We examine how the rising interprovincial migration of individuals with diverse educational backgrounds affected human capital formation in China in the 1990s. We find that gross outflow migration of those with higher and lower levels of education, respectively, has human capital incentive and disincentive effects. Our estimates suggest that the incentive effect eclipses the disincentive effect in general; however, a surge of migration, particularly among less educated groups, implies more of a disincentive effect in China in the 1990s. We also find that changes in the relative labor supply resulting from net outflow migration mitigate a direct brain drain by both encouraging and discouraging school enrolments.     

Income inequality and educational expenditures on children: Evidence from the China Family Panel Studies

Using the data from the China Family Panel Studies from 2010 to 2018, we find that rising income inequality causes parents to spend more on children’s education, both in school and out of school. The impact of income inequality on out-of-school expenditures is significant at intensive and extensive margins, especially for study-related tutoring participation. Furthermore, we find some empirical evidence suggesting that in response to rising inequality, mothers spend more time on children’s education and there exists a substitution effect between time and money. Further analysis suggests two potential reasons for the rising education spending: (1) a higher income inequality resulting from rising skill premium strengthens parents’ long-lasting cultural attitude towards education to higher levels, inducing them to spend more on educational investment, and (2) a higher income inequality increases the value of higher education, leading to a stronger demand for better educational opportunities, and then, more intense education competition, forcing parents to invest more in education.     

Human capital accumulation in emerging Asia, 1970–2030

Emerging Asian economies have made strong progress in improving educational capital in the past 40 years. High educational attainment, especially at the secondary level, has significantly improved emerging Asia's educational achievement. Regressions show that better parental education and income, lower income inequality, declining fertility, and higher public educational expenditures account for higher educational enrollment. But Asia's average years of schooling are forecast to increase to 7.6 years by 2030, from 7.0, significantly slower than the increase of 4.1 years from 1970 to 2010. That would put emerging Asia's educational capital in 2030 at only the 1970 level of the advanced countries, or still 3.5 years behind the level of advanced countries in 2010. For sustained human development, Asian economies must invest in improving educational quality and raising enrollment rates at the secondary and tertiary levels.     

饭店业大学生员工队伍稳定问题探析

饭店业发展需要大批的专业人才,而高等院校旅游专业培养的大学生却毕业时改行、入店后流失、留店的跳槽。大学生的用非所学与人才流失,对国家是教育资源的浪费,对个人是教育投资的损失,必须给与足够的重视,采取积极有效的措施加以解决:对大学生进行正确的职业观念教育,灌输从基层做起的意识,使之树立牢固的专业思想。学校要充分利用校企合作的优势,培养学生的职业能力。饭店业要树立科学的人才培养观,做好大学生员工的职业生涯规划;实行科学的用人原则,改革用人薪酬制度,完善人才激励机制,使大学生学以致用,从而保证教育资源有效地发挥作用。     

Investment in Indian education: Uneconomic?

In a country where the literacy rate is only 3 in 10, some believe that there is an economic surplus of education. This paper reviews the arguments. In sum, India represents a case in which the presence of unemployment has led observers to the unjustified assumption that the external productivity of education is low. The paper uses new techniques of educational planning: the distribution of per pupil expenditures, examination pass-rates, rate of literacy, trade training, the availability of books, the amount of knowledge acquired in schools and the degree of impact of school resources on academic achievement. From each of these sources, the paper concludes that there is reason to question the widely held belief that additional investment in Indian education would be uneconomic.     

On the-job training as a cause of brain drain

On-the-Job Training as a Cause of Brain Drain. —This paper presents a simple model based on the assertion that the efficacy of on-the-job training, as well as the productivity of skills, depends on the social stock of capital. It shows that as the degree of this dependency of on-the-job training upon capital stock increases, the problem of brain drain becomes more severe and more difficult to correct. The model may explain why the failure of foreign-educated students to repatriate is a more prevalent form of brain drain than outright migration of skilled labor. It is consistent with the repatriation pattern of Taiwanese students who received post-secondary education in Japan.     

乡镇企业人才流失危机管理

乡镇企业在我国国民经济中占据重要的战略地位,尤其对解决“三农”问题有着重要的意义。然而,乡镇企业的人才大量流失,已成为一种严重的企业危机,威胁到乡镇企业的生存与发展。因此,对乡镇企业人才流失危机应引起高度重视,积极进行管理创新,本文试探索构建科学有效的应对机制———双轨制动态人才流失危机管理系统。     

Role of Education in Cigarette Smoking: An Analysis of Malaysian Household Survey Data*

Heckman's sample selection model is used to examine the role of education on household purchase decisions and expenditures of tobacco products in Malaysia. Results of the marginal effects of education, segmented by ethnic and gender groups, suggest that education decreases the probability, conditional levels and unconditional levels of tobacco expenditures amongst Malaysian households. Specifically, an additional year of education of the household head, irrespective of ethnic or gender considerations, decreases smoking probability by 1.5 percent. However, the negative effect of education seems to be higher for Chinese (US$1.07) than Malay (US$0.26) households in terms of conditional expenditures. Furthermore, education significantly decreases conditional tobacco expenditures within male‐headed households.     

The impacts of environmental pollution and brain drain on income inequality

This paper establishes a two-sector general equilibrium model of a small open economy to examine the impact of environmental pollution on income inequality via brain drain. The results of the equilibrium modelling show that environmental pollution in the source country can widen the income gap between skilled and unskilled workers and that brain drain caused by environmental pollution will amplify this effect; furthermore, improving the environmental quality in the recipient country will widen the skilled-unskilled income gap in the source country. Our empirical results show that deteriorating the environmental quality in the source country increases income inequality and that brain drain caused by environmental quality will amplify the effect. Our sample is divided into four sub-samples: stage of national development, level of national income, status of environmental pollution and situation of brain drain. We find that environmental pollution has different effects on income inequality via brain drain in these sub-samples. Comparing the heterogeneous components of environmental quality, we find that brain drain caused by diminished ecosystem vitality and by air quality affecting human health will widen income inequality but that other factors related to environmental quality have no significant impacts on the effect of brain drain on income inequality. The results of a robustness test support these conclusions.     

Incremental State Higher Education Expenditures

Panel regressions are used to analyze various measures of state higher education expenditures for 45 states over a time period from 1986 through 2005. Results of panel stationarity tests indicate that each expenditures series contains a unit root. This finding is consistent with the incremental theory of public expenditures and implies that time series of these variables should be differenced if used as dependent variables in regression models. Regression results indicate that changes in state higher education expenditures are significantly procyclical. State higher education spending appears to fully adjust to population growth and over-adjust to CPI inflation. Larger state governments are associated with significantly larger annual adjustments to per capita real state higher education expenditures. No significant evidence is found that state Medicaid or elementary education expenditures crowd out higher education spending.

我国企业培训后人才流失的原因分析及对策

本文从当前我国企业培训后人才流失现象入手，从企业与员工两大方面分析了企业培训后人才流失的原因，在此基础上提出了防止企业培训后人才流失的对策建议。     

An estimation of the aggregate educational production function for public schools in Louisiana

Data at the school district level were used to estimate the relationship between basic skills test scores and various school district, family and community educational inputs. The inputs examined in the regression analysis included expenditures per student, student-teacher ratio, years of teacher’s experience, along with other school-related and socioeconomic variables. Expenditures per student are significantly related to basic skills test results in a quadratic manner. Variables measuring family and community structure are shown to be significant to test performance. These results are important for policy-makers who are responsible for the allocation of funds in the education process. A greater reliance on economic incentives is suggested as an alternative to the present system.     

如何解决我国人才流失的问题

随着我国社会主义市场经济的完善和国有企业的改革,人才流失现象在目前有愈演愈烈的趋势。人才流失问题解决得如何将影响到企业发展的成败,关系到社会的稳定。因此,解决我国企业人才流失的问题,已经成为我国每个管理者面前的重要课题。     

中小企业人才流失的内外部原因分析

中小企业在我国的经济社会发展中占有重要地位,发挥着大企业难以取代的作用。我国现已加入世贸组织,成为世界经济共同体中的一员。中小企业作为我国国民经济的重要组成部分,同样也处在改革与发展的关键时期。但是人才流失却阻碍着我国中小企业的发展。文章试图从我国中小企业人才流失的内外部原因进行明确的梳理,以便中小企业能探寻有效控制人才流失的措施,更好地促进中小企业的健康、快速发展。