Start-ups and employment dynamics within and across sectors

We use a decade of longitudinal data on start-ups and employment in Swedish regions to analyze the effect of start-ups on subsequent employment growth. We extend previous analyses by decomposing the effect of start-ups on total employment change into within- and cross-sector effects. We find that start-ups in a sector influence employment change in the same as well as in other sectors. The results illustrate that the known S-shaped pattern can be attributed to the different effects of start-ups in a sector on employment change in the same sector and in others. Start-ups in a sector have a positive impact on employment change in the same sector. The effects on employment change in other sectors may be negative or positive, and depend on the sector under consideration. In particular, start-ups in high-end services deviate from manufacturing and low-end services in that they have significant negative impacts on employment change in other sectors. The findings are consistent with the idea that start-ups are a vehicle for change in the composition of regional industry.     

Attributes of social and human capital disclosure and information asymmetry between managers and investors

We extend the literature on voluntary disclosure by investigating the impact of precision attribute of social and human capital disclosure on information asymmetry. We provide evidence on how the stock market reacts to different levels of information precision. Overall, results suggest that quantitative disclosure reduces share price volatility and increases Tobin's Q. As expected, firm size attenuates the impact of precision attribute of disclosure on information asymmetry. Furthermore, it appears that firms take into account ultimate costs and benefits to shareholders when determining precision attribute of their disclosure. Finally, our results suggest that efficient governance leads to more disclosure. Copyright © 2009 ASAC. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

东盟宪章与中国-东盟经贸关系发展

东盟宪章是东盟成立40多年来第一份对所有成员国具有普遍法律约束力的文件,它的生效会对中国-东盟经贸关系的发展产生重大影响。本文在对东盟宪章评析的基础上,重点分析东盟宪章生效对中国-东盟经贸关系的积极作用和消极影响,提出在东盟宪章生效后我国应采取强化政治互信、增强贸易互补性、实施投资东盟战略和主动推动CAFTA发展的应对措施。     

贸易开放度与经济增长:基于中国与印度的比较研究

本文基于新经济增长理论,从贸易开放度视角对中国与印度经济增长进行了比较分析。结果表明:两国贸易开放度存在明显结构差异,中国以商品贸易为主,而印度服务贸易份额远高于中国;中国的总体贸易开放度高于印度,但两者之间的差距随着印度外贸加速发展而缩小;两国贸易开放度与经济增长存在长期均衡关系,中国贸易开放度对经济增长的促进效应略高于印度,但中国面临着由贸易引发的人民币升值和外部失衡冲突问题。     

Benefits and Costs of International Financial Integration: Theory and Facts

This paper provides a selective review of the recent analytical and empirical literature on the benefits and costs of international financial integration. It discusses the impact of financial openness and capital flows on consumption, investment and growth, as well as the impact of foreign bank entry on the domestic financial system. It argues that, for small open developing countries, the benefits of financial integration are mostly long term in nature, whereas risks can be significant in the short run. Careful preparation and management are therefore essential to ensure that short‐run costs do not lead to policy reversals. It also stresses that the empirical evidence on the impact of foreign direct investment on domestic capital formation and growth, as well as on the effects of foreign bank entry, should be viewed with caution. In particular, the possibility that foreign bank penetration may lead to adverse changes in the allocation of credit cannot be dismissed on the basis of the existing evidence.     

Mutual Trust Between Leader and Subordinate and Employee Outcomes

Stable and enduring cooperative relationships among people are primarily based on mutual trust. However, little evidence exists about the effects of mutual trust between supervisor and subordinate on work outcomes. To understand better the dynamics of trust in supervisor–subordinate relationships, we examined how mutual trust between supervisor and subordinate is associated with work outcomes. Based on a sample of 247 subordinate–supervisor pairs, multilevel analyses revealed a positive effect of perceived mutual trust on task performance and interpersonal facilitation after controlling for trust in leader and felt trust. In addition, task performance and interpersonal facilitation increased as trust in leader and felt trust or trust in subordinate both increased.     

Tax structure and entrepreneurship

Using macro-level panel data, we examine the effects of taxation and tax progressivity on entrepreneurship in a large group of European countries. We address two main questions. First, we try to explore whether tax increases discourage entrepreneurial activity, focusing on new self-employment (nascent entrepreneurship). Second, we investigate the impact of tax progressivity on entrepreneurship, again focusing on new self-employment. We find that tax progressivity at higher-than-average incomes has a robust negative effect on nascent entrepreneurship. We discuss the policy implications of our results.     

环境对国际贸易的积极作用和消极影响

环境和贸易之间有着复杂的关系和相互影响，一个领域的政策措施会不断地对另一个领域产生显著而重要的影响。环境对贸易既有积极影响又有消极作用。一方面环境为贸易的可持续发展提供了基础，另一方面，严格的环境保护政策，会给发展中国家的贸易带来不利影响。我国要保持贸易利益和促使经济持续发展，就必须认识到环境和贸易的密切关系，趋利避害，采取必要的应对和发展措施。     

FDI与经济增长、国内资本及劳动力作用机理

基于VAR理论及其模型,实证检验了1983-2006年以来我国利用外商直接投资与经济增长、国内资本及劳动力就业之间的相互作用机理认为外商直接投资对我国经济增长的作用符合新古典经济增长模型,对国内资本形成并无显著的促进作用,对劳动力就业只存在单向影响作用,旨在为我国利用外资提供决策依据。     

Resource and Capability Constraints to Innovation in Small and Large Plants

In an attempt to enhance firm’s competitiveness, policy initiatives have sought to encourage more firms to innovate, with a particular focus on small firms. The success of such initiatives, however, depends on a clear understanding of the factors that are constraining innovation activity, and whether these differ for firms of different sizes. This paper examines those resources and capabilities that firms identify as constraining their innovation activity, the difference in these for small and larger plants and the actual impact of these perceived constraints on the probability of innovating and the degree of innovation success. Drawing on longitudinal data the paper demonstrates that innovation is an evolutionary process with the constraints to innovation being different for small and larger plants. From a policy perspective, initiatives to overcome constraints to innovation in small plants should extend beyond those of finance to include greater networking opportunities, cost reduction programmes and marketing strategies to increase the profit margin on new products, human resource management practices on implementing change and easier access to information about new technologies. In contrast policies to promote innovation in larger plants should focus on minimising the risk of development and enhancing access to specialist expertise.     

The White Paper on Growth,Competitiveness and Employment and Greek Small and Medium Sized Enterprises

This paper makes an assessment of the homo-genous approach and policy measures towards SMEs, adopted by the White Paper on Growth, Competitiveness and Employment and by national policies in Greece. It is demonstrated that there is a key distinction between the structure of competitive, high-tech, highly-specialized SMEs in advanced countries, whose size is determined by the size of the international niche market where they compete, on the one hand and on the other, SMEs in Greece or in other less developed member-states, whose (micro) size is determined by the local markets they serve, while in most cases they do not have the marketing skills/approach to address export markets. Copying successful instruments for SMEs in advanced countries can thus be most dangerous for the less developed countries, since the industrial organization of the typical SME is very different from those SMEs in Northern Europe. Therefore, the effects of policy measures, without further modifications, will be different from those envisioned by the EU policy-makers. Increasing the utilization of assistance by SMEs in less developed member-states is likely to be more effective if the assistance focuses on incentives and services, which support cooperative action in local and foreign markets, rather than on direct SME financing.     

Concepts and Definitions of CSR and Corporate Sustainability: Between Agency and Communion

This paper provides an overview of the contemporary debate on the concepts and definitions of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) and Corporate Sustainability (CS). The conclusions, based on historical perspectives, philosophical analyses, impact of changing contexts and situations and practical considerations, show that "one solution fits all"-definition for CS(R) should be abandoned, accepting various and more specific definitions matching the development, awareness and ambition levels of organizations.     

论我国高校推进和普及创造学教育的局限和对策

我国高校创造学的教学与研究的局限性.主要体现在对创造学教育的认识和理解不够,对创造学的教学和研究的人教有限,接受创造学教育的大学生的人数和范围不够广泛等方面.应进一步加强学科宣传,尽快地提高师生对创造学教育的认识;进一步扩大学科设置,逐步普及创造学的教育面;进一步充实学科师资队伍,以确保推进、普及创造学教育的需要;进一步深化科研教研,以促进创造学研究和教学水平的提高.     

基于云计算和RIA的WebGIS研究和实验

在分析信息技术和GIS体系结构发展的基础上,引出研究基于云计算和RIA的WebGIS的必要性,并对云计算、RIA和WebGIS的理论、技术和实施方案进行了对比和分析。最终基于以上思路设计高交互度、丰富用户体验的基于云计算和RIA的WebGIS系统,比较分析了在这种架构方式下访问业务数据库最便捷、高效的方式,并通过实验结果展示基于上述架构的WebGIS的优势与特色。     

贸易与环境问题的研究进展与述评

自1972年国际贸易与环境问题被正式提出以来,已经成为21世纪世界各国关注的重要议题之一。传统的贸易与环境问题的研究主要集中于贸易与环境的关系研究,即研究贸易对环境的影响和环境对贸易的影响,理论框架已经建立并且认识已经比较成熟。近年来,以硫排放贸易、碳排放贸易、虚拟水、虚拟能源研究为代表,更多的是研究将环境直接或间接作为贸易品,通过贸易方式改善环境,形成了贸易与环境问题研究的新领域:环境贸易。环境贸易不是指传统意义上的环境保护产品和服务贸易,而是指环境要素的直接或间接的贸易。该文认为环境贸易包括直接的环境贸易和嵌入(外生)的环境贸易,它们均直接对环境产生良好影响并成为贸易的一部分,应引起关注和重视。     

Presence of children and household food expenditures at home and away from home

Households with children spend more on food at home than do households without children. On the other hand, compared with households without children, households with children who are at least 12 years of age are associated with higher expenditures on food away from home expenditures. Households with employed spouses are associated with lower expenditures on food at home. Other determinants of expenditures on food at home are seasonality, house ownership, region, household size, education, age and income. House ownership, region, household size, race, education and income also affect expenditures on food away from home.     

The interplay between cognitive- and affective conflict and cognition- and affect-based trust in influencing decision outcomes

Research on strategic decision-making has focused on both conflict and trust as important process variables that affect decision outcomes. Taking information processing perspective, the present study investigates the interplay between two types of conflict and two types of trust and argues that cognitive conflict and cognition-based trust are far more important than the affective conflict and affect-based trust in strategic decision-making teams. The perceptions of trustworthiness based on the competence of the executives enhance decision quality and commitment whereas the perceptions of trustworthiness based on relationships do not have any affect on outcomes. Multi-informant data from 109 hospitals revealed that cognition-based trust is a moderator in the relationship between conflict and outcomes whereas affect-based trust does not moderate the relationship. The implications of the divergence roles of both conflict and trust are discussed.     

深度链接的争议及应用前景

深度链接随着 Internet 的发展而普遍使用,但也引起了一些争议甚至诉讼。由于现行法律条文的滞后,各国在解决争议时采取了不同的标准而导致不同的结果。随着技术的进步和对 Internet 的深入认识,深度链接将得到更健康地应用。     

Wealth and Income Inequality: An Economic and Ethical Analysis

I perform an economic and ethical analysis on wealth and income inequality. Economists have performed many statistical studies that reveal a number of, often contradictory, findings in connection with the distribution of wealth and income. Hence, the statistical findings leave us with no better knowledge of the effects that inequality has on economic progress. At the same time, the existing theoretical results have not provided us with a definitive answer concerning the effects of inequality on progress. By gaining knowledge of the nature of inequality, and bringing basic economic principles to bear on the subject, we can come to an understanding of what the causal relationship is between inequality and economic progress. Furthermore, I apply a new theory of ethics – rational egoism – to assess economic inequality. I show that, in the right context, economic inequality is both economically and morally desirable.     

Income Inequalities and International Trade in Goods and Services: Short- and Long-Run Evidence

In this article, we study the short- and long-run effects of trade openness in services on wage inequalities. The sample covers ten Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) countries from 1980 to 2005. We find a differentiated impact of trade in goods compared to trade in services: while trade in goods has a short- and a long-run impact on inequalities, trade in services has only long-run effects. Moreover, we also find that international trade in services has a stronger impact on inequalities than international trade in goods, and this effect does not concern only inequalities between top incomes and low incomes but also between top incomes and median incomes.