欧洲：漫漫复苏路

欧洲央行在6月份的经济预测中下调了欧元区2009年和2010年的本地生产总值（GDP）预期，央行官员预计，2009年欧元区实际GDP将较去年萎缩4．1-5．1％，2010年实际GDP则可能在下降1．0％至增长0．4％之间。骤降的需求、脆弱的金融体系以及难以协调的合作，都使欧盟的复苏之路极为漫长。     

欧元区

欧元区四季发GDP增速放缓,环比上升0．1％;希腊不断恶化的主权债务危机有蔓延至葡萄牙和西班牙的风险;欧洲央行决定继续维持当前低利率不变。欧洲中央银行月度报甜中预测,塔管欧元区经济已经开始复办,但前景仍充满不确定性,预计今明两年欧元区经济仅能维持温和增长。     

欧元区经济：继续微弱复苏态势

欧盟统计局最新的数据显示，欧元．区第三季度季调后GDP初值季率上升0．4％，年率下降4．1％，这是2008年第一季度来季率首次上升。经济复苏出现多种积极因素，消费物价和生产物价数月来呈现双双下降态势，经济与消费信心充足。但与此同时，欧元区消费依然疲软，失业率仍居高不下，衰退中复苏可能还有漫漫长路。     

欧元区复苏缓慢推进

欧洲统计局速报数据显示，3季度欧元区GDP环比增长0．4％（未折算为年率），此结果与主流预测值基本相符，但低于我们的预期。我们原本预计，欧元区经济至少会出现0．9％以上的环比增长，从而与美国增势持平，然而欧洲的经济势头没有达到我们的预期。由于关于各国需求面和生产面的数据还不充分，因此我们还难以解释欧元区经济增势不及预期水平的原因。     

欧元区经济：微弱复苏

欧盟统计局10月7日发布数据显示,经修订后,欧元区第二季度GDP季降0.2%,年降4.8%。之前经济学家预期中值为季降0.1%年降4.7%;第一季度GDP季降2.5%,年降4.9%。欧元区第二季度经济收缩略多于预期,     

欧元区

复苏迟缓 加息或将延后 欧元区2009年四季度GDP经修正后环比增长0．1％，年比下降2．1％。受德国和法国经济增长及出口订单推动，欧元区3月制造业采购经理人指数增至56．6，为40个月来最高水平，表明产出继续扩张。     

欧盟统计局：欧元区经济复苏势头增强

据欧盟统计局近日发表的统计数字显示，今年第一季度，欧元区经济增长势头明显增强，国内生产总值增长0．5％，远高于去年第四季度0．2％的增长率。     

欧元区：增长才是关键

欧洲现有救援工具应有助于缓解税收和融资的协调。如果没有增长，债务问题也不能得到解决，欧洲央行应该考虑财政刺激的举措，使经济得以恢复。     

欧元区

欧盟统计局预估1月外贸逆差238亿欧欧盟统计局公布的预估数据显示,今年1月,欧盟和欧元区外贸逆差分别为238亿欧元和76亿欧元,均分别低于去年同期的312亿欧元和161亿欧元。2011年,欧盟能源产品贸易逆差从2010年的3069亿欧元增加到3877亿欧元,而制造业产品顺差则从2010年的1737亿欧元大幅增加到2648亿欧元。2011年,欧盟与美国、瑞士和土耳其的     

The Euro Area Crisis: Politics over Economics

This paper explores the dominant role of politics in decisions made by euro area governments during the crisis. Decisions that appear to have been driven by local political considerations to the detriment of the euro area as a whole are discussed. The domination of politics over economics has led to crisis mismanagement. The underlying cause of tension is identified as a misalignment of political incentives. Member state governments tend to defend their own interests in a noncooperative manner. This has magnified the costs of the crisis and has resulted in an unbalanced and divisive incidence of the costs across the euro area. The example of Cyprus is discussed, where political decisions resulted in a transfer of about half of 2013 GDP from the island to cover losses elsewhere. In the absence of a federal government, no institution can adequately defend the interests of the euro area as a whole. European institutions appear weak and incapable of defending European principles and the proper functioning of the euro. Political reform is needed to sustain the euro but this is unlikely to pass the political feasibility test with the current governments of Europe.     

The Transfer Problem in the Euro Area

Building on the celebrated Keynes–Ohlin debate and on Lane and Milesi-Ferretti (Rev Econ Stat 86:841–857, 2004), the paper investigates the transfer problem for the Euro area vis-à-vis the rest of the world. The analysis is developed in a theoretically and statistically consistent way and is intended as a contribution to the empirical literature on EMU. The main result of the paper is that the accumulation of net foreign asset in the Euro area is consistent with real exchange appreciation, largely through the relative price of nontradables rather than through the terms of trade.

欧元区东扩的进程、问题及其影响

欧元区的扩大进程正在紧锣密鼓地进行。欧元区东扩,即欧盟10个新成员加入欧元区,将是欧洲经济与货币一体化的重要里程碑,也是欧盟一体化进程中的巨大挑战之一。2007~2010年间,欧盟的10个东欧新成员将分别加入欧元区,欧元区可能将由现在的12国扩大为22国。目前,10个新成员正在积极创造条件加入欧元区,其中有5个国家已经达标(《马斯特里赫特条约》规定的趋同标准)。本文认为,新成员是否应该加入欧元区,应权衡得失,从成本和收益方面综合考虑。理性的选择应是在合适的时间、收益高于成本的情况下加入欧元联盟;应该从经济、政治利益方面综合考虑作出决定,而不应该单纯从政治上考虑。欧元区东扩对新老成员的影响利大于弊。欧元的国际地位上升,但未来欧元汇率的不确定性因素增加,国际货币格局将发生重大变化。     

The Effects of Monetary Policy in the Euro Area

This paper presents evidence on the monetary transmission processin the euro area, based on macroeconomic data and on micro dataon banks. According to the estimations of macro vector autoregressionand macroeconometric models, a monetary policy tightening significantlyreduces output and—after a time lag—also prices.The effect on output is temporary, while that on prices is permanent.Clear patterns of significant asymmetries in the monetary policyeffects across countries do not emerge. The estimations basedon micro data on banks show that the main factor that determinesthe average bank's response to monetary policy is its degreeof liquidity: the lower its share of liquid assets in totalassets, the more strongly does a bank reduce its lending inresponse to a monetary tightening. Bank size does not emergeas an important factor for a bank's reaction to monetary policy.These results hold for virtually all member countries of theEuropean Monetary Union, despite the differences in their bankingsystems.     

欧元区的危机是国际收支失衡危机

欧元区内的失衡,反映在欧洲第二代实时清算系统(TARGET2,即欧元体系的银行间支付系统)中,即各中央银行间的收支不平衡。截至2011年12月,北方欧元区国家的中央银行累计净头寸达到8000亿欧元,而南方欧元区国家则累计了相同规模的负头寸。早期有关欧洲货币联盟的文献指出,在货币联盟之内,各成员国之间的收支     

欧元区经济:复苏受阻于外部冲击

2002年,欧元区经济实现国内生产总值(GDP)70635亿欧元,按不变价计算,比2001年增长0.8%,低于2001年1.5%的增长率。欧元区2002年GDP增长率虽然继续下降,但经济似乎出现了复苏迹象:第二季度GDP同比增长0.9%,扭转了连续7个季度以来的下降趋势;第三季度和第四季度经济继续缓慢...     

Real Exchange Rate Misalignments in the Euro Area

Open Economies Review - Building upon a Behavioural Equilibrium Exchange Rate model, estimated at a quarterly frequency since 1999 on a broad sample of 57 countries, this paper assesses both the...     

The Tragedy of the Commons and Inflation Bias in the Euro Area

Central bank credit has expanded dramatically in some of the Euro Area member countries since the beginning of the financial crisis. This paper makes two contributions to understand this stylized fact. First, we discuss a simple model of monetary policy that includes (i) a credit channel and (ii) a common pool problem in a monetary union. We illustrate that the interaction of the two elements leads to an inflation bias that is independent of the standard time-inconsistency bias. Secondly, we present an institutional analysis that is consistent with the view of fragmented monetary policy and empirical evidence that illustrates the heterogeneity of central bank credit expansion.     

Specialization and Business Cycle Co-Movement in the Euro Area

Atlantic Economic Journal - This paper explores whether similarities in production structures have been an important determinant of business cycle co-movement in the Euro Area. We constructed an...