Neutrality and free trade: Sweden and trade liberalisation, 1948–1958

Abstract

This article discusses the Swedish attitude to European economic cooperation, an attitude that has been described as reluctant. The traditional explanation for this has been Sweden's neutrality. This explanation has been challenged by researchers, who have claimed that a nationally self-sufficient social democracy was responsible for the reluctance towards Europe. In this article, neutrality is still seen as the main explanatory factor. Swedish strategies for dealing with European integration linked the concepts of neutrality and global free trade. Nordic cooperation was also seen as a strategy to meet demands for European integration. Swedish activities within the European organisations were limited by neutrality concerns. Within these limits Sweden worked for economic policy solutions, which might be called social democratic.     

中国汇率政策与财政政策的搭配研究

近年来,中国的失业问题引起了社会各界的广泛关注,政府也出台了多项改革措施,目的是为了维持宏观经济内部均衡。但是,随着我国进出口顺差的持续增大,用于调节外部失衡的人民币汇率政策却一直没有调整。因此,这两者搭配是否合理值得研究。本文对中国汇率政策与财政政策的搭配进行实证分析,并提出了改善这两大经济政策搭配的对策建议。     

基于利益主体理论的苏南五市旅游合作系统研究

区域旅游合作是发展旅游业的重要手段,旅游合作发展涉及到多方面利益,如何协调各方的利益,让合作各方都能主动参与和有效配合,确保区域旅游合作的有效性和稳定性,仍是亟待解决的难题。本文从利益主体理论出发对苏南五市区域旅游合作系统进行了研究,提出了该系统简化为地方政府、旅游产业部门、非营利组织和个人等4个子系统,每个子系统都包括若干个具体利益主体,分析了每个子系统中的利益主体不同的关注点;最后就加强苏南区域旅游合作提出了相关的政策建议。     

创新驱动下的部际合作关系——基于政策文本量化分析

创新政策作为政府意图和行为取向的外化体现,其主体协调和措施协调对部门间的合作关系具有一定的解释力.以2013—2018年中国国务院各部门单独及联合行文的712条创新政策文本为样本,分年度绘制政策发文部门的合作关系网络图;从供给侧、需求侧和环境侧3个维度对创新政策措施进行量化,并测算部门间政策措施的协调度,对创新驱动发展战略实施后创新政策主要制定部门的合作现状展开定量分析.研究发现:中国已形成以科技部、工信部、发改委和财政部4部门为核心的创新政策合作网络,且科技部与发改委占据主导地位;部际合作可以改善单一部门政策措施应用的失衡,但在中国的创新政策实践中作用效果尚不明显;部际政策措施协调差异受部门职责范围和中央政府政治压力共同影响.     

论汇率问题对中美关系的影响

近年来,随着中美贸易总量的持续扩大,汇率问题逐渐成为影响中美关系的重要问题。美国几届政府在人民币汇率升值问题上向中国不断施加压力,为此,中美双方的分歧、协商、合作一直存在。本文将阐述汇率政策上的磋商与合作对两国国内经济稳定增长及两国经贸关系健康发展的作用,并分析汇率问题对中美关系的短期和长期影响。     

Constructing a global architecture with an American blueprint: The ambivalent U.S. attitude toward Asian regional cooperation

In step with the global trend toward regionalism, there has been significant progress in the development of a regional institutional framework in Asia, although perhaps to a lesser degree than other parts of the world. This is evidenced by the establishment over the past decade of APEC, ASEAN Regional Forum, and other multilateral attempts to address specific security issues. The attitude of the United States toward the development of such institutions for regional cooperation has been quite ambivalent and its approach might be described as ad hoc, utilitarian or instrumental. This paper examines the rhetoric, politics, and policy of America's seemingly ambiguous and inconsistent approach to Asian regional cooperation in an attempt to illustrate the factors that shape U.S. policy toward such efforts.     

东亚金融合作的经验分析与理性反思

金融危机后,从单边角度考察,东亚各经济体又陷入了一种汇率制度选择的囚徒困境,东亚地区的汇率安排问题需要求助于区域性的金融合作机制。东亚强势国家的政府在跨国界的经济制度安排中更能够发挥强制性制度变迁的主导功能,并提供制度化的合作体系。为了防止市场溢出和政策外溢,降低合作成本,避免逆效合作与搭便车行为,保证金融合作的稳定推进与分步实施,必须通过多次博弈,对东亚国家的货币政策、财政政策以及汇率政策进行国际间的协调。     

京津冀都市圈区域金融合作发展的研究

在区域经济合作中,金融合作是基础也是核心,是实现区域经济共同发展的重要支撑力量。本文立足于京津冀三地经济及金融的现实发展状况,分析京津冀金融合作的制约因素,提出金融合作发展的对策。     

Exchange Rates,Domestic Prices,and Central Bank Actions: Recent U.S. Experience

Central banks that are primarily concerned with the behavior of prices will use monetary policy to try to insulate prices from exchange rate changes. Prices then appear unresponsive to changes in the exchange rate. The observed relationships between prices and the exchange rate will reflect central bank actions instead of the underlying relationship between exchange rates and prices. This paper explicitly recognizes the role that policy plays in determining the observable relationships between exchange rates and prices, and in so doing, it illustrates how the underlying relationships can be unraveled. Using three different empirical approaches, we examine the recent experience of the United States. We find that the prices of various nondurable goods, and even of some services, respond modestly to the exchange rate, and we find that the responses emerge most clearly when the role of monetary policy is explicitly considered. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that the Federal Reserve acts to mitigate the effects of exchange rate fluctuations on domestic prices.     

东亚金融一体化的动态及其收益

近年来，东亚一系列区域金融合作引起了学术界对地区金融一体化现状和收益的极大兴趣。文章基于价格和数量的测度考察了东亚地区金融一体化的程度：抛补利差和股权溢价的β收敛结果表明，危机之前东亚金融市场的全球和区域一体化并行，但在近几年，区域一体化趋势更强劲，超过了全球一体化；金融引力模型的结果表明，东亚主要的跨境金融投资者的区域内金融资产持有量比金融引力模型预测的水平更大。此外，面板回归确定了较高的金融一体化作为更广泛的金融发展的关键组成部分，会显著降低东亚国家对发达国家的经常账户失衡，因此，区域层面的金融一体化可以作为加强东亚国家的增长来源和提高经济弹性的重要政策路径。     

ASEAN regional cooperation on competition policy

ASEAN member states intend to establish the ASEAN Community by 2015. A key component of this goal is the formation of the ASEAN Economic Community (AEC). The AEC Blueprint was initiated to facilitate and monitor the implementation of the AEC during the period 2008–2015. Competition policy will play an important role in the achievement of the AEC. There has been significant progress in regional cooperation to achieve the competition policy targets listed in the AEC Blueprint. Even though only half of ASEAN member states (AMSs) have implemented competition laws, regional cooperation in this area has been fairly strong. The main emphasis has been on publishing regional guidelines and a handbook on competition policy in ASEAN as well as capacity building activities. There needs to be a renewed impetus to implement national competition laws in AMSs that have not done so. There also remain significant opportunities for enforcement cooperation and pooling of resources for capacity building in competition policy in the region.     

境外公共治理经验和推进我国治理创新的建议

境外公共治理的经验表明,在攸关民众切身利益政策的制定和实施过程中,服务对象的参与以及多方合作制衡有助于更好地维护公众利益。国内公共服务的管理一直强调政府与服务提供机构之间的博弈,而忽视了公众方的参与。近年来一些部门和地区开始探索建立公共服务机构的治理机制。我们建议,在完善公众知情权和评议权基础上,中央政府应该着力推进公共服务法人治理结构的试点。近期可由政府主导政策过程,其他利益相关者参与监督和咨询;远期应赋予社会公众代表平等参与决策等核心职权。     

Monetary Policy,Market Structure and the Income Shares in the U.S

A general equilibrium model of heterogeneous capital is employed to investigate whether, how and to what extent monetary policy and market structure may have contributed to the decline of the labor share in the U.S. in recent decades. By construction the model allows monetary policy to affect the labor share through two channels, i.e. one linking the policy rate to the real interest rate and another linking the latter to the useful life of producers’ goods, whereas regarding market structure, the more competitive the economy, the higher the labor share. From its solution using U.S. data over the period 2000–2014 it emerges that the persistent reduction in the policy rate on the one hand slowed down the decline in the labor share and on the other accelerated it, because the reduction in the policy rate was accompanied by a robust upward trend in the equilibrium real rate of interest, which increased the useful life of producers’ goods. In turn, to gauge the relative strength of these two opposite effects, the equation of the labor share is estimated by means of the autoregressive distributed lag method. The results show that the adverse effect of monetary policy through the useful life of producers’ goods was more than 12 times as strong as the favorable effect of the policy rate and on this ground I conclude that the monetary policy contributed to the decline of the labor share significantly, at least since 2000. As for the market structure, it is found that even if firms had and attempted to exercise monopoly power, it would be exceedingly difficult to exploit it because the demand of consumers’ goods is significantly price elastic.     

亚洲货币合作:中国应如何面对

近年来,关于亚洲货币合作与亚元问题的讨论引起了我国政府和学术界的广泛关注,各种文章见诸于报端。作者认为,只有在理论上把该研究推向深入,才可能得出正确的政策结论。最优货币理论和欧元的实践,对亚洲货币合作具有重要的启示,亚洲货币合作是大势所趋。文章主要研究在这种趋     

International spillover effects of sectoral tax differentiation in unionized economies

Sectoral tax differentiation has in recent years appeared onthe agenda in European policy discussions concerning unemployment.The member countries of the European Union are allowed to reducethe value added tax rates on goods and services that are particularlylabour intensive and price elastic. This paper provides a theoreticalanalysis of the international repercussions of such policies.We develop a two-country and two-sector model with monopolisticcompetition in the goods market and wage bargaining in the labourmarket. Policy externalities operate through the endogenouslydetermined terms of trade. We examine how national and supranationalcommodity tax policies affect sectoral and total employmentand characterize optimal commodity taxes with and without internationalpolicy cooperation. Some rough estimates of the welfare gainsfrom policy coordination are also presented, using a calibratedversion of the model.     

江苏省科技创新财政政策研究

科技创新是实现发展的重要来源,财政政策在科技创新方面的作用近年来也受到越来越多的关注.在解读江苏省科技财政政策以及理论分析的基础上,对科技财政投入现状进行总结,发现江苏省目前在财政投入规模、区域差异、对高研的财政支持以及推动产学研合作等方面存在问题.最后,针对这些问题提出一些对策.     

东亚货币合作的进展、障碍及中国的对策

尽管目前东亚货币合作取得了一些进展,但仍然面临着经济、政治等方面多层次的障碍,因此目前尚无法建立类似于欧元区的东亚统一货币区。中国从自身利益出发应在东亚货币合作中发挥积极作用,首先,应加强与东亚各国汇率政策的协调;其次,通过推动次区域的货币合作;最后,建立东亚共同货币区。     

“以市场换技术”政策研究述评

“以市场换技术”政策自实施以来一直受到广泛的关注。本文从政策评判、实施效果不佳的原因和解决方案3个方面归纳了已有的研究成果,并给出了作者的分析,希望对该项政策的完善和未来战略的制定具有一定的借鉴意义。     

构建新疆与中亚次区域经济合作平台

近年来中亚及周边各国经济上采取全方位开放政策,面对这一次区域经济集团化态势,新疆应与中亚国家建立高层次区域经济合作平台,最终建立包括新疆在内的中亚次区域经济圈。     

中国—东盟金融合作的前景展望及珠三角在其中的角色定位

2010年,中国-东盟自由贸易区将正式建成,其中金融领域的开放合作尤为引人注目。中国-东盟金融合作一直遵循"循序渐进、先易后难"的原则,并且初步形成以"10+3"框架下清迈倡议和"10+1"框架下中国-东盟《服务贸易协议》为双基石的体制格局。本文在分析双方金融合作的有利条件、不利因素的基础上,提出了近期中国-东盟金融合作的重点领域,并就珠三角地区在中国-东盟金融合作中的角色定位进行了探讨。