THE FOUNDATION OF THE MEXICAN WELFARE STATE AND SOCIAL SECURITY REFORM IN THE 1990s

Before 1982 Mexico's welfare state regime was a limited conservative one that put priority on the social security of organized labor. But following the country's debt crisis in 1982, this regime changed to a hybrid liberal model. The Ernest Zedillo government (1995–2000) in particular pushed ahead with liberal reform of the social security system. This paper examines the characteristics and the policy making of the social security reforms in the 1990s. The results suggest that underlying these reforms was the restructuring of the economy and the need to cope with the cost of this restructuring. The paper also points out that one of the main factors making possible the rapid execution of the reforms were the weakened political clout of the officialist labor unions due to their steady breakdown during the 1990s and the increase in the monopolistic power of the state vis‐à‐vis the position of labor during the negotiations on social security reforms.     

STATE REFORMATION AND THE FORMATION OF A NEWLY EMERGING WELFARE STATE IN TAIWAN

In postwar Taiwan, the legitimacy of the Kuomintang (KMT) regime had depended on the cold war structure and the civil war with the Communist Party. As the KMT regime penetrated Taiwanese society, it exercised tight control over the society through the medium of the strong party organization. However, in the process of democratization that started in the 1980s, the KMT's authoritarian political rule began to crumble, forcing the government to respond to people's demands in order to survive. The reform and improvement of the social security system in Taiwan were brought about against this backdrop of state reformation.     

THE NATURE OF THE “THREAT OF CHINA”—A Japanese View—

A China with nuclear capabilities is one of the big problems in international politics in East Asia. Some of the politicians in Japan feel the threat, and are trying to cope with it by closer ties with the United States. The “threat,” however, must be analyzed from the aspects of both China's capabilities and her intentions. By analyzing China's past behavior, the writer deduces that China's main objective seems to be the “liberation of Taiwan,” and not mere expansionism or simple security. On the basis of this understanding, the writer concludes that the “threat” comes from the Sino-American confrontation over Taiwan and from ideological or psychological warfare. It is concluded, therefore, that closer ties with the U. S. is not good for the peace and security of Asia. Better communications, the solution of the Taiwan problem and better domestic policies, it is suggested, are essential for this purpose.     

How Can Chinese Farmers' Property Income Be Improved? A Population–Land Coupling Urbanization Mechanism

Balancing urban and rural development is an important political goal in China. The failure of rural land privatization has led to a low level of rural economic development and a vast property income gap between citizens and farmers. This paper illustrates the reasons for property income inequality from the perspective of the land tenure system and the dualistic household registration system. After evaluating the segmentation of the rural land market and the rigid nature of rural land assets, a population–land coupling urbanization mechanism is proposed. The paper argues that China's land property system has externalized a high degree of geospatial and social urban and rural intertwinement. Major reform of the rural land property rights system is required to correct the situation (further development of the social security system and stable urbanization) and to increase property income potential for farmers.     

How Has Rural Tax Reform Affected Farmers and Local Governance in China？

Using nationally representative data, the present paper examines the impact of China's ongoing rural tax reform on farmers. The difficulties in further local governance restructuring are also discussed. It is argued that the issues associated with rural taxation and local governance in China result from inherent tension between an increasingly liberalized economic system and a still centralized political system. Although rural tax reform has helped to reduce farmers' tax burdens in the short term, the establishment of an effective local governance regime requires coordinated reforms to downsize local bureaucracy by providing social security for laid-off cadres, to strengthen local accountability by granting higher local formal tax autonomy, and to promote meaningful participation by expanding local democracy.     

A REVIEW OF THE CONCEPT OF THE “DUAL ECONOMY”*

The primary object of this paper is to present a methodological study which is concerned with how to clarify and evaluate the characteristics of that social and economic structure which is called “dual economy” in today's developing countries. It attempts a critical review of the concepts developed by J. H. Boeke, J. van Gelderen, J. S. Furnivall, H. Frankel, H. Myint, G. Myrdal and C. Geertz, among those who have taken the view of “social dualism.” It concludes that the concept of a dual economy should be perceived in terms of “colonial social dualism” as a system; and that it is solely from this point of view that the nature and direction of economic development in the context of economic nationalism in developing countries can adequately be explained.     

AN INSTITUTIONAL ANALYSIS OF ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION DISPUTES IN TAIWAN: CASES OF “SELF‐RELIEF”

During the late 1980s and early 1990s in Taiwan, people's protests against environmental pollution often took the form of “self‐relief,” meaning that they attempted to fight polluters using their own resources, without relying on legal or administrative procedures. Why did such an extreme form of dispute become so widespread? What institutional changes did these movements bring about? These questions are analyzed using the analytical framework of “law and economics.” Our research shows that self‐relief functioned to a certain extent as a means of realizing quick compensation for victims, and for reflecting the opinions of local people concerning development projects; in addition, it served to promote the formulation of law and administrative systems. However, as it was based on direct negotiations between the parties concerned, the outcome of each dispute only reflected the transient balance of forces, and the experience gained in negotiations was not accumulated as a social norm.     

INSTITUTIONAL REFORM IN INDONESIA'S FOOD SECURITY SECTOR: THE TRANSFORMATION OF BULOG INTO A PUBLIC CORPORATION

The National Food Logistics Agency (BULOG) which had managed food security, buffer‐stock operations, and domestic food price stabilization through its monopoly over imports and distribution was reorganized into a public corporation, “Perum BULOG”, in May 2003. This study investigates the background and the process of reforming BULOG, and seeks to clarify the characteristics and remaining problems of institutional reform implemented in Indonesia since the economic crisis and the impact of globalization. The major findings are: (1) the reforms led by the IMF and World Bank were an attempt to curtail the rent‐creation mechanism in BULOG and to improve its corporate governance; (2) globalized and standardized modules of institutional reform methods were applied for reforming BULOG, but the implanted institutions will need substantial time to take root; (3) there is still a failure to coordinate among food security institutions, particularly between the Ministry of Agriculture and Perum BULOG.     

ASIAN DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES: CHINA AND INDONESIA COMPARED

China's and Indonesia's development strategies have been compared with others, but rarely with each other. Radically different political contexts have produced both similar and distinctly different development patterns. Each using formal planning, Indonesia spurred radical reforms to promote growth, whereas China opted for incremental reforms to ‘grow out of the Plan’, as a political device and to discover what policies and institutions worked. Both strategies produced environments largely conducive to rapid development. Indonesia relied on a few economic technocrats to oversee development; China used decentralisation and party reforms to create a credible environment for non-state investment. Both shared concern for agricultural reform and food security; both opted to open up for trade—China gradually, Indonesia radically. Both did well in growth and poverty reduction following reform. China's growth performance is in a league of its own, especially since Indonesia's Asian crisis setback, but Indonesia had more equitable growth and survived a difficult political transition with, in hindsight, modest costs.     

THE SOCIAL SECURITY SYSTEM IN HONG KONG: ESTABLISHMENT AND READJUSTMENT OF THE LIBERAL WELFARE MODEL

Hong Kong's social security system has followed a “liberal” welfare state regime. The system has undergone changes along with the high economic growth, changes in the labor market, and transformation of the political environment, but has retained the fundamental principle of a social security system led by the private sector. In recent years, Hong Kong has responded to the aging population and growing unemployment by introducing the Mandatory Provident Fund Scheme that requires individuals to join private‐sector pension schemes and by intensifying cooperation with nongovernmental organizations. This indicates the deep‐seated nature of the influence of the liberal regime in Hong Kong.     

社会保障基金投资的国际比较分析及其借鉴

随着老龄化社会的临近,世界各国的社会保障制度难免受到冲击,其中社会保障基金的投资运营首当其冲。为了防止出现支付危机,许多国家已经开始对社保制度改革,其中社保基金投资管理方面的改革一直是重点。本文对世界上主要社保基金投资管理模式进行介绍,并展开比较分析,得出一些经验,并结合我国具体情况,提出一些关于社保基金投资管理的建议。     

DOES SOCIAL SECURITY AFFECT RETIREMENT AND LABOR SUPPLY? EVIDENCE FROM CHILE

This paper explores the effects of the social security system on retirement and labor supply decisions. Due to the regulations established by Chilean social security law reform, two social security systems coexist in Chile: the “Pay‐As‐You‐Go” and the individual account system. The coexistence of the systems allows us to better understand the effects of both social security systems on retirement and labor supply. We find that (1) larger benefits in any social security system induce earlier retirement and (2) larger variance of benefits in the individual account system induces later retirement. We do not find major impacts of social security on labor supply of individuals in the labor force.     

A politically feasible social security reform with a two-tier structure

This paper investigates the welfare implications and political feasibility of social security reforms with a two-tier structure in Japan. We evaluate social security reforms from two points of view: (i) the ex-ante expected value of future generations, and (ii) whether current generations prefer reform to the status-quo system, which we call political feasibility. To evaluate the reforms, we use a large-scale overlapping generations model with idiosyncratic income risk and a two-tier structure. The first tier guarantees a basic pension and the second tier consists of the earnings-related part. Calibrating the parameters of the model to the Japanese economy, we compute the transition path and the two welfare criteria. We find that, given the two-tier structure in Japan, an increase in the basic pension and the abolition of the earnings-related part of the social security system improve the welfare of future generations, and ensures political feasibility when a consumption tax is the source of revenue.     

China＇s Urban and Rural Old Age Security System： Challenges and Options

I. Introduction In the process of economic transition, China has adopted an urban-priority reform approach in establishing its old age security system, which conforms to international development experiences. China’s rapid aging of people with low-incomes, however, is unprecedented compared with other developed or developing countries. The urban-priority reform ensures a relatively high coverage in urban areas, whereas it imposes a heavy burden ofold age support on rural households. Current …     

China： Between Social Stability and Market Integration

I. IntroductionOver the past two and a half decades the Chinese leadership has succeeded in ensuring96 Giovanni B. Andornino, Russell G. Wilcox / 95 – 108, Vol. 14, No. 3, 2006 ?2006 The Authors Journal compilation ?2006 Institute of World Economics and Politics, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences economic growth while implementing policies engineered to allow gradual integration into the world economy in a more or less managed fashion.1 Starting from a position of isolation and suppo…     

中国农村社会养老保险问题及对策

为解决中国社会养老保障问题,国家做出了一系列决策部署,着力建设和完善城乡一体化的居民社会养老保险制度.中国农村发展相对落后,在制度实施过程中存在不少问题,制度贯彻落实仍然有缺乏稳定性、各筹资主体分担失衡、农村社会养老保障水平低及群众参保意识不强等问题.针对这些问题提出完善法律和相关制度、健全各筹资主体分担机制、提高农村社会养老保险的保障水平及提升群众的参保意识等优化对策,推进社会养老保险在农村的实施.     

“五位一体”中国特色社会主义事业总体布局探析

党的十八大明确指出,中国特色社会主义事业的总体布局是由社会主义经济建设、政治建设、文化建设、社会建设、生态文明建设"五位一体"。这是我们党马克思主义中国化最新成果的内容之一。坚定的马克思主义立场、中国改革开放的成功实践及中国共产党的性质,决定了党进行理论创新的科学性,从而保证实现中华民族的永续发展。     

Convergence or divergence?*: The South Korean state after the Asian financial crisis

This study suggests that the government's attempt to replace the developmental state by introducing neo‐liberal axioms is slim. The state that is to emerge in consequence of the economic and financial reforms carried out by the Kim government is distinct from the neo‐liberal regulatory state at the ideological level; moreover, the embedded characteristics of the developmental state hinder changes in the nature of the state. It is the paper's argument that the economic reform that has been implemented by the Kim Dae‐Jung government since its establishment (in 1998) is merely a form of “self‐help” to correct those mistakes committed by the developmental state. Despite the neo‐liberal reform attempted by the Kim government, the social, political and historical conditions in which a liberal regulatory state may be born are pre‐mature, and the embedded legacies of the developmental state are far from becoming a thing of the past.     

推进城乡劳动保障基本公共服务均等化 共享改革发展成果

经过近30年的改革开放和发展,我国社会开始由生存型社会向发展型社会过渡,正步入公共需求快速增长和深刻变化时期,我国城乡居民对就业、社会保障等方面的公共需求也开始全面快速增长。但是,长期以来,在我国"二元经济结构"下,农村与城市之间实行两套不同的劳动保障公共服务供给体制,劳动和保障公共资源对农村地区投入不足,劳动保障公共服务城乡非均等化问题突出,这也是造成目前城乡收入差距过大的一个重要因素。因此,实现劳动保障公共服务城乡均等化亦是构建和谐社会,全体社会成员共享改革和发展成果的关键所在。     

Rural tax reform and the extractive capacity of local state in China

China's fiscal arrangement in the 1980s has preserved local governments' incentive but the 1994 fiscal reform recentralized revenues. Since then, farmers' tax burdens have risen steeply and become a major challenge to the state legitimacy. How to account for the huge regional variation? Why were some localities able to tax more heavily than others? Based on a national survey of village governance in China, we examine farmers' burdens empirically and identify political and social factors that explain the local governments' ability to tax farmers. This paper suggests that developments since the 1990s have shown that it overstates local discretionary power and does not pay enough attention to societal forces in understanding local public finance.