递延所得税费用的简单化理解

新<企业会计准则>要求所得税采用资产负债表债务法进行核算,在这种情况下,正确理解递延所得税资产和递延所得税负债两个科目,有利于理解递延所得税费用及所得税会计的核算.     

The Information Content of Tax Expense for Firms Reporting Losses

We investigate whether management's decision regarding the recognition of the valuation allowance (VA) for deferred tax assets provides incremental information about the persistence of accounting losses. We introduce a classification scheme that assigns loss firm‐years into three categories based on whether management appears to have recognized a material change in the VA, and whether or not the firm has positive taxable income (e.g., a net operating loss). The results of our study show that our tax categories contain information about the persistence of accounting losses over the following three years beyond variables previously identified to predict loss persistence. This incremental information is consistent with management using private information about the firm's future prospects in setting the VA. Finally, we find that investors’ pricing of the VA varies with the saliency of the tax signal and the information environment of the firm.     

International Momentum Strategies

International equity markets exhibit medium-term return continuation. Between 1980 and 1995 an internationally diversified portfolio of past medium-term Winners outperforms a portfolio of medium-term Losers after correcting for risk by more than 1 percent per month. Return continuation is present in all twelve sample countries and lasts on average for about one year. Return continuation is negatively related to firm size, but is not limited to small firms. The international momentum returns are correlated with those of the United States which suggests that exposure to a common factor may drive the profitability of momentum strategies.     

试析所得税费用(收益)与本期会计利润(亏损)的关系

在本期损益表内确认的所得税费用(收益)除了可根据本期应交(可抵扣)所得税加(减)递延所得税负债(资产)的发生额来确定(除非本期和递延所得税是由在相同或另一个不同的期间直接在所有者权益中确认的交易或事项产生,或由购买式企业合并产生)之外,还可以本期会计利润(亏损)为基础来确定。但所得税费用(收益)并非在任何情况下都简单地等于本期会计利润(亏损)乘以适用税率之积,有时需要经过一定的调整,而经调整的所得税费用(收益)与本期会计利润     

Rational Momentum Effects

Momentum effects in stock returns need not imply investor irrationality, heterogeneous information, or market frictions. A simple, single-firm model with a standard pricing kernel can produce such effects when expected dividend growth rates vary over time. An enhanced model, under which persistent growth rate shocks occur episodically, can match many of the features documented by the empirical research. The same basic mechanism could potentially account for underreaction anomalies in general.     

Value and Momentum Everywhere

We find consistent value and momentum return premia across eight diverse markets and asset classes, and a strong common factor structure among their returns. Value and momentum returns correlate more strongly across asset classes than passive exposures to the asset classes, but value and momentum are negatively correlated with each other, both within and across asset classes. Our results indicate the presence of common global risks that we characterize with a three‐factor model. Global funding liquidity risk is a partial source of these patterns, which are identifiable only when examining value and momentum jointly across markets. Our findings present a challenge to existing behavioral, institutional, and rational asset pricing theories that largely focus on U.S. equities.     

The Earnings Implications of Pension Expense

Abstract

Recent challenges to the actuarial pension model and a movement to harmonize international accounting standards both suggest that the current Canadian standards for pension accounting, CICA 3461, may see substantial revision during upcoming years. To understand better the implications of these possible accounting changes, this paper presents the results of a stochastic analysis that quantifies how the volatility of pension expense for a sample of ten Canadian companies sponsoring defined benefit plans will be increased by the adoption of immediate recognition accounting. For certain companies this increase is significant and is shown to have a material earnings impact. The implications of this earnings volatility for the future of defined benefit pension plans are also explored.     

Momentum and Credit Rating

This paper establishes a robust link between momentum and credit rating. Momentum profitability is large and significant among low‐grade firms, but it is nonexistent among high‐grade firms. The momentum payoffs documented in the literature are generated by low‐grade firms that account for less than 4% of the overall market capitalization of rated firms. The momentum payoff differential across credit rating groups is unexplained by firm size, firm age, analyst forecast dispersion, leverage, return volatility, and cash flow volatility.     

Market States and Momentum

We test overreaction theories of short-run momentum and long-run reversal in the cross section of stock returns. Momentum profits depend on the state of the market, as predicted. From 1929 to 1995, the mean monthly momentum profit following positive market returns is 0.93%, whereas the mean profit following negative market returns is −0.37%. The up-market momentum reverses in the long-run. Our results are robust to the conditioning information in macroeconomic factors. Moreover, we find that macroeconomic factors are unable to explain momentum profits after simple methodological adjustments to take account of microstructure concerns.     

博彩文化与企业费用粘性

文化是影响企业成本管理行为的重要因素.本文以2008-2019年A股上市公司为研究样本,实证检验了博彩文化对企业费用粘性的影响,研究发现:企业经营地的博彩氛围越浓厚,费用粘性现象越突出.在引入工具变量、控制公司固定效应及替换自变量为CEO籍贯地的博彩文化等稳健性检验中,这一结论依然成立.进一步的影响机制检验结果表明,博彩文化对费用粘性的正面影响仅在管理者过度自信水平较高和公司治理水平相对更低的样本企业中更显著.本文将博彩文化这一非正式制度纳入费用粘性动因的分析框架中,丰富了博彩文化的经济后果相关领域的研究.     

Momentum Trading by Institutions

We document the equity trading practices of approximately 1,200 institutions from the third quarter of 1987 through the third quarter of 1995. We decompose trading by institutions into the initiation of new positions (entry), the termination of previous positions (exit), and adjustments to ongoing holdings. Institutions act as momentum traders when they enter stocks but as contrarian traders when they exit or make adjustments to ongoing holdings. We find significant differences in trading practices among different types of institutions.     

Momentum in Residential Real Estate

This paper examines whether there is return momentum in residential real estate in the U.S. Case and Shiller (American economic review 79(1):128–137, 1989) document evidence of positive return correlation in four U.S. cities. Similar to Jegadeesh and Titman’s (Journal of finance 56:699–720, 1993) stock market momentum paper, we construct long-short zero cost investment portfolios from more than 380 metropolitan areas based on their lagged returns. Our results show that momentum of returns in the U.S. residential housing is statistically significant and economically meaningful during our 1983 to 2008 sample period. On average, zero cost investment portfolios that buy past winning housing markets and short sell past losing markets earn up to 8.92% annually. Our results are robust to different sub-periods and more pronounced in the Northeast and West regions. While zero cost portfolios of residential real estate indices is not a tradable strategy, the implications of our results can be useful for builders, potential home owners, mortgage originators and traders of real estate options.     

A Trade-Based Analysis of Momentum

This article uses transactions data for all NYSE/AMEX stocksin the period 1983–2002 to study how investors trade inJegadeesh and Titman’s (1993) momentum portfolios. Amongsmall trades, there is an extremely sluggish reaction to thepast returns. For instance, an initial small-trade buying pressureexists for loser stocks, and it gradually converts into an intenseselling pressure over the following year. The results are consistentwith initial underreaction followed by delayed reaction amongsmall traders. Moreover, small-trade imbalances during the formationperiod significantly affect momentum returns, suggesting thatunderreaction among small traders contributes to the momentumeffect. Large traders, by contrast, show no evidence of underreaction,and large-trade imbalances have little impact on subsequentreturns. Overall, the results suggest that momentum could partlybe driven by the behavior of small traders.     

Momentum and macroeconomic state variables

We find strong evidence that momentum across asset classes is driven by macroeconomic state variables. By reacting to changes in the macroeconomic environment, the strategy performs particularly well in times of economic distress. This result is interesting for practitioners and academics alike the success of an investment strategy that simultaneously looks at relative momentum across currencies, bonds, real estate, commodities, and equities can be interpreted as a payoff for rational investors hedging against predictable changes in the investment opportunity set. Our results allow us to establish a link between momentum and more sophisticated predictive regressions.     

银行账户服务收费问题探析

银行账户作为社会经济活动主体参与经济活动涉及资金流动的起点和终点,是存款人办理存款、贷款和资金收付活动的基础和门户.本文从客户管理价值角度对银行利用价格杠杆达到对客户群体的甄选、以小额账户管理费为例对比中外资银行的账户收费和银行账户收费构成等几个方面对现有银行账户收费情况进行了分析,进而提出准入期、存续期、退出期不同阶段银行账户收费的定价策略.     

Productivity Risk and Industry Momentum

A productivity shock identified through a vector autoregression model is a priced risk factor for one‐month industry momentum portfolios and commands a positive risk premium. Stocks in winning industries have greater sensitivity to productivity news, thereby earning higher average returns than stocks in losing industries. This evidence lends support to an Intertemporal Capital Asset Pricing Model (ICAPM) with human wealth. In many specifications, exposure to productivity risk captures more than half of the observed industry momentum profits. This paper studies the sources of profits and attributes the risks of industry momentum portfolios to the behavior of their underlying cash flows.     

Price Momentum and Trading Volume

This study shows that past trading volume provides an important link between 'momentum' and 'value' strategies. Specifically, we find that firms with high (low) past turnover ratios exhibit many glamour (value) characteristics, earn lower (higher) future returns, and have consistently more negative (positive) earnings surprises over the next eight quarters. Past trading volume also predicts both the magnitude and persistence of price momentum. Specifically, price momentum effects reverse over the next five years, and high (low) volume winners (losers) experience faster reversals. Collectively, our findings show that past volume helps to reconcile intermediate-horizon 'underreaction' and long-horizon 'overreaction' effects.     

Firms' Voluntary Recognition of Stock-Based Compensation Expense

We investigate factors associated with firms' decisions in 2002 and early 2003 to recognize stock‐based compensation expense under Statement of Financial Accounting Standards (SFAS) No. 123. We find that the likelihood of SFAS 123 expense recognition is significantly related to the extent of the firm's participation in capital markets, the private incentives of top management and members of the board of directors, the level of information asymmetry, and political costs. Although recognizing firms have significantly smaller SFAS 123 expense, we find no significant incremental relation between recognition likelihood and SFAS 123 expense magnitude after controlling for other factors that we expect explain the recognition decision. We also find positive and significant announcement returns for earlier announcing firms, particularly those stating that increased earnings transparency motivates their decision.     

Expense preference behavior in mutual life insurers

The effect of alternative ownership structures, stock versus mutual, on the cost of production is studied for firms in the life insurance industry. The effect of differential incentives on the cost structure of both groups of firms is examined by means of a multiproduct cost function. This research shows that despite differences in legal form and incentives of managers, stock and mutual firms in the life insurance industry are similar in terms of the types of products sold, the average cost of production, and the form of the relationship between cost and production.Department of Finance, University of Connecticut     

REIT Momentum and Characteristic-Related REIT Returns

Recent evidence confirms that in factor-model examinations of the cross-section of REIT returns, REIT momentum emerges as the dominant driver. Acknowledging the importance of momentum, the current study explores whether and how REIT return patterns are linked to the underlying characteristics of the REITs themselves, in the manner of Daniel and Titman’s (Journal of Finance 52(1):1–33, 1997, Journal of Portfolio Management 24(4):24–33, 1998) characteristics model. Over the period 1993 through 2009, we find that after controlling for momentum, book-to-market, institutional ownership, and illiquidity are all strongly associated with REIT returns while size and analyst coverage are not. We further extend prior research by examining the influence of changes in interest rate cycles on REIT returns, and find that the characteristic-return relationships are heavily influenced by interest rates.