Sustainability dimensions related to agricultural-based development: the experience of 50 years of intensive farming in Almería (Spain)

In the context of the current agri-food market, several factors have made it increasingly difficult to balance the components of sustainability in agricultural-based development. These factors include increasing internationalization, tighter control of distribution and frequent changes in agricultural policies. Indeed, in the framework of European rural policy there has been considerable debate in recent years concerning the role of the agricultural sector and how it should face the following challenges: productivity-competitiveness, environmental protection and socio-economic development. There is, therefore, a growing need for practical analyses that adopt a holistic approach. This paper analyses how this sector in the province of Almería (Spain), based on horticultural family farms, has risen to the above issues over recent decades. This case study provides some insights into the different trade-offs and synergies between sustainability dimensions. In particular, the integration of ecological, social and economic components may prove useful in helping other regions to adapt their agricultural systems, especially where these are characterized by small-scale farming.     

Interrogating sustainable productivism: Lessons from the ‘Almerían miracle’

Many have suggested that a new form of sustainable agricultural productivism is needed in response to the challenges to food security posed by climate change and population growth. This paper employs elements of ecological modernisation theory and focusses on sustainability challenges and solutions, as well as the knowledge networks and production rationale to assess whether the intensive horticultural industry located in the Spanish province of Almería represents sustainable productivism. The Almerían horticultural industry, lauded as an example of neo-endogenous growth, manifests a range of sustainable technologies addressing environmental impacts. Yet, we argue that Almerían horticulture represents ‘weak ecological modernisation’ and its main sustainability challenges are posed by water scarcity, a demand led production rationale and the precarious situation of family farms that at present provide a degree of economic embeddedness in this highly industrialised production model. A competitive imperative yields marketing organisations huge sway in production decision-making, and while a cost-price squeeze has driven efficiency in the use of farm inputs and product innovation, it has paradoxically made further advances in sustainable water management very difficult to achieve. Transforming the Almerían horticultural industry into a truly sustainable model of productivism would require the concerted efforts of individual farmers and marketing organisations as well as regional and local water governance institutions and land use planning. A significant obstacle to this remains the dominant normative perception that justifies groundwater abstraction on the grounds of its high economic returns and the perceived inability of small farmers to invest in desalinated water or further technological solutions.     

Pro‐Poor Tourism as a Strategy to Fight Rural Poverty: A Critique

Pro‐poor tourism (PPT) is a development methodology that aims to use tourism as a tool for poverty reduction. PPT has been adopted by multilateral institutions, official development agencies and non‐governmental organizations (NGOs). PPT assumes an absolute definition of poverty that is based on net income. This definition allows the consideration of a tourism initiative as ‘pro‐poor’ even though the income earned by the poor population may be marginal. This paper analyses whether PPT's concept of poverty adequately addresses the issues in rural poverty. We analyse one case of unequal distribution of income generated from tourism in the 1990s (Amantaní Island, Perú). The paper concludes that PPT's concept of poverty circumvents the fact that an unequal distribution of income could imply a loss in the quality of life for the majority of a rural population: the high‐income social sector tends to increase its economic and political power to the detriment of other social sectors.     

Redefining rural prosperity through social learning in the cooperative sector: 25 years of experience from organic agriculture in Spain

In the political system and in public perception, the well-functioning of economy is frequently equalled to the output of the national economic system. However, during the last decades, this narrow conception of economic prosperity started to erode. This paper is based on a rural prosperity conceptual framework that takes into account the systemic nature and dynamics of interactions and impacts within rural systems through the analysis of an organic agriculture cooperative called Camposeven in the south east of Spain. The focus is on rural prosperity, differences in understanding, related parameters and strategies used by the cooperativés farming partners to success without following the traditional conventions of economic growth and farm-efficiency. Experience lessons in this paper demonstrate that the “technical-economic” approach of rural prosperity is not sufficient and results emphasize the important role of individuals’ behaviour as well as the contexts in which they are involved. The findings point to the increasing relevance of expanding both the theory and practice of rural prosperity approaches in sustainable rural development. This is important in order to enrich the connections between rural prosperity and other concepts such as social capital, innovation, social learning and resilience.     

新型农村资金互助社发展的外部环境分析

农村资金互助社是我国新型的农村金融机构,它作为合作金融的载体,连结市场和农户、正规金融机构与农民。目前,我国新型农村资金互助社发展的外部环境中既有促进其发展的积极因素,也有阻碍其发展的障碍因素。主要结合我国资金互助社4年多的发展情况,对互助社发展的外部环境状况进行客观分析,以便准确找到我国资金互助社发展所面临的机遇和挑战,并据此提出优化促进资金互助社持续发展的外部环境对策建议。     

Farm diversification strategies in northwestern Spain: Factors affecting transitional pathways

The present paper identifies strategies that farmers have undertaken in northwestern Spain, an area characterized by late structural adjustment. For this study, a survey of over 559 farms has been conducted in four areas representative of different specializations and rural situations, from marginal to productive intensification. Farms have been categorized according to social and productive characteristics through a multivariable analysis. Four basic behaviors have been identified and connected with farm types and rural areas using a multiple correspondence analysis. These basic strategies were defined depending on whether investments have been made on farms to increase or intensify production and whether new on- or off-farm diversification activities have been introduced. This analysis allows us to assess transitional pathways for the future and to assume some consequences of farm behavior in connection with structural adjustments. Thus far, empirical evidence shows that the nature and main drivers of the diversification process are different from those in northern European areas. At the same time, a significant level of farm abandonment is registered.     

河南省乡村旅游资源环境承载力测度

［目的］随着乡村旅游的快速发展,旅游环境受到的压力逐渐加大,河南省是我国农业大省,也是乡村旅游发展较早的省份,测度乡村旅游资源环境承载力对河南省发展乡村旅游具有重要的指导意义。［方法］文章通过构建乡村旅游资源环境承载力评价指标体系,采用层次分析法确定指标权重,构建旅游资源环境承载力指数模型对河南省乡村旅游资源环境承载力进行分析评价。［结果］(1)利用层次分析法得到的指标权重结果表明自然资源承载力权重值最高,为0424 9,乡村旅游基础设施承载力权重值最低,为0249 5。(2)旅游环境承载力指数表明2011—2016年河南省乡村旅游资源环境承载力为轻度超载,整体上处于协调状态。(3)从3个层面来看,自然资源的利用程度较高,为轻度超载; 社会经济发展承载力处于报警状态,人口增长对社会经济增长带来的影响较明显; 基础实施承载力为轻度超载,应加强基础实施的建设。［结论］目前,河南省乡村旅游发展基本处于可持续发展状态。根据研究结果提出针对性的建议,应加强乡村基础设施的建设,适当控制人口增长以减小对环境造成的压力,优化乡村旅游产业结构,促进自然资源、社会经济和基础设施的协调,保证河南省乡村旅游的可持续发展。     

山东省乡村旅游资源开发与产业发展模式探析

改革开放以来,随着我国国内生产总值的不断提高,人民生活水平得到显著改善,乡村旅游产业也随之兴起。山东省作为我国的旅游资源大省,在乡村的旅游资源发展方面虽然取得了一定的成绩,但是其乡村旅游资源开发与产业发展模式方面仍然存在着一定的问题。文章对乡村旅游的理论进行了阐述,通过对山东省乡村地区旅游资源的现状和发展模式进行分析,发现其中存在着乡村地区旅游环境差、村民受教育水平不高导致当地旅游资源开发不充分、开发效率较低、产业发展模式较为落后、政策与法规管理体制不完善等问题,分析了以政府主导、企业主导和个人主导的3种发展模式对山东省乡村旅游资源开发与产业发展的优缺点,并据此提出了加强法律法规建设、通过创新打造山东省特色发展模式、合理利用与开发乡村旅游资源、做好宣传工作、树立乡村旅游新形象的针对性对策和建议,以期提高乡村旅游资源的开发程度,开拓山东省经济发展的新渠道。     

县域乡村振兴指标体系构建及其评价*——以广东德庆县为例

[目的]乡村振兴战略下县域尺度的评价指标较为缺乏,构建县域层面的乡村振兴评价指标体系,为丰富乡村振兴评价提供参考借鉴。[方法]研究围绕乡村振兴战略的"二十字"方针,结合《乡村振兴战略规划(2018—2022年)》主要考核指标,尝试性构建了县域层面的乡村振兴评价指标体系,包括5个二级指标与34个三级指标,采取熵值法评价了2009—2017年德庆县乡村发展现状水平,并根据县域乡村振兴规划目标测算了乡村振兴发展目标值。[结果]2009—2017年德庆县乡村发展总体水平不高,综合得分在0.06～0.1。该期间乡村发展表现为两个特征:2009—2013年乡村发展指数年均增速5.5%,增长平稳; 2014—2017年乡村发展指数年均增速4.6%,增长放缓。同时,对标2018—2022年县域乡村振兴规划还有较大的差距,需要加快发展速度。从乡村振兴各维度看,产业兴旺和生态宜居所占的权重较大,表明在乡村振兴战略中产业兴旺和生态宜居是最主要因素,随后是生活富裕、治理有效和乡风文明。[结论]德庆县是广东中西部山区县,农业产业化程度有待提升,一、二、三产融合亟待加强,生态优势尚未转化为产业优势。随着《德庆县乡村振兴战略规划(2018—2022年)》实施推进,乡村振兴需加快发展速度,从产业兴旺、生态宜居、乡风文明、治理有效、生活富裕5方面全方位发力,最终实现乡村振兴发展目标。     

国际与国内乡村旅游研究比较与启示

[目的]我国正处于全面推进乡村振兴的关键期,乡村旅游是助推乡村振兴的重要抓手。系统梳理国内外乡村旅游研究进展,对比分析国内外乡村旅游研究的时空演化、学科融合等的差异与热点,为我国乡村旅游研究与实践提供指导借鉴,具有必要性和紧迫性。[方法]文章借助CiteSpace软件,以2000—2021年Web of Science (WOS)核心数据库和CNKI数据库的乡村旅游文献为研究样本,对国际与国内乡村旅游研究的时空特征、学术共同体和热点演进进行文献计量可视化分析和比较归纳。[结果]（1）从时间维度来看,国内外乡村旅游的发文数量均呈上升趋势,可分为萌芽期、探索期和成长期3个阶段。（2）从空间维度来看,美国、英国和西班牙等西方发达国家是国际乡村旅游研究的引领者,中国近年也位居前列。（3）从学科交叉融合来看,国际乡村旅游主要在经济学、政治学和社会学等学科背景下展开研究,并呈现与计算机科学、动物医学等跨学科研究态势。国内乡村旅游研究主要基于地理学、经济学和社会学等学科背景,多数机构呈个体点状研究状态。（4）从研究热点来看,国际上偏重市场运营导向的创新可持续发展研究。国内偏重战略政策引导下的乡村旅游...     

农村电子商务发展与农村富余劳动力安置问题研究

随着中国城镇化进程不断推进,农村现代化加速运行,尤其是中国农村土地制度产生了重大的变革,中国农村需要面对的剩余劳动力转移与安置问题愈发严重。怎么将这些劳动力从农业转移到其它生产部门,在安置劳动力保证社会平稳过渡的同时,实现农村经济长期可持续发展,是我国在实现农业现代化与新型城市化中必须要解决的问题。文章为研究我国的富余劳动力安置问题,从中国农村土地流转改革与新型城镇化发展这一重要现实背景出发,分析目前与未来中国产生大量农村富余劳动力的转移安置与可持续发展的前景,在产业不断优化转移的大趋势下以农村电商的发展为突破口,从目前我国农村电子商务的现状、问题以及农村电商的发展出路进行了分析,得出农村电商将成为中国农村剩余劳动力的重要安置路径之一。     

河南省乡村旅游开发与产业发展战略研究

[目的]河南乡村旅游资源产业时空布局良好且发展潜力巨大,研究其乡村旅游开发与产业发展模式问题有重要的现实意义。[方法]文章采用文献资料法、个案研究法、经验总结法等方法以河南省乡村旅游产业为研究对象,探索其乡村旅游开发与产业发展模式的现状与特点、发展中存在的不足等相关问题。[结果]在此基础上,根据调查研究得出河南省应该从发展"特色产业拉动"模式、"服务带动"模式、"景观休憩"模式、"文化探寻"模式来提升河南省乡村旅游开发与产业发展质量。[结论]该研究解决了目前河南省乡村旅游业发展所面临的瓶颈,对于其实现可持续发展和深入推进新农村建设提供了可借鉴的参考。     

全域旅游视角下我国乡村旅游发展研究

[目的]国内研究乡村旅游业发展现有文献一般大多数是理论分析,实证分析偏少,文章采用实证法为乡村旅游发展研究提供了一种新的思路。[方法]采用实证分析法,基于全域旅游视角在构建模型时主要考虑上述四大因素(资源禀赋、交通条件、经济发展水平及产业政策)对乡村旅游业的影响,对模型进行基准回归及稳健性检验。在此基础上,结合我国乡村旅游发展现状提出政策建议。[结果]资源禀赋、经济发展水平和交通条件变量在5%的统计水平上显著,产业政策变量在1%的统计水平上显著;乡村旅游对我国旅游业的贡献不断上升,2015年乡村旅游对我国旅游业的贡献高达35%,同时,产业政策、乡村的交通条件、乡村的经济发展水平影响乡村旅游业的发展。[结论]研究发现乡村的资源禀赋、交通条件、经济发展水平和产业政策对乡村旅游经济有显著正影响;模型的拟合优度0.64,说明模型对样本的拟合较好。     

Anthropogenic nutrients and eutrophication in multiple land use watersheds: Best management practices and policies for the protection of water resources

Blooms of cyanobacteria (Microcystis aeruginosa) are becoming increasingly recurrent in the A Baxe dam reservoir (Galícia, Northern Spain) as a result of increasing levels of different anthropogenic pressues in the Umia catchment. The aim of this study is to develop a model that allows us to detect the spatial level where the main problems that trigger eutrophication occur. We used Mike Basin coupled with Load Calculator to model and visualize spatially explicit results of stream flow and N and P export. The results indicate increase in nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) concentrations that trigger eutrophication.High concentrations of nutrients at the Upper Umia derive from livestock, while at the Lower Umia the origin is sewage, highlighting impacts from diffuse pollution and point source pollution in different areas of the basin. Cyanobacteria blooms result from the influence of both contaminant sources, being also triggered by local environmental conditions such as temperature, solar radiation or flow rate. This model will be useful for predicting possible changes, alterations and evolutions that occur in the watershed, that can help ensure compliance with the Water Framework Directive. In addition to the model developed, the results indicate the need for the implementation of management practices in order to reduce the blooms of cyanobacteria (green systems for wastewater in rural areas, riparian forest restoration, etc.). Some sub-basins, such as the Gallo sub-basin, require immediate action since they are major contributors of nutrients to the main river as a result of the low carrying capacity of local waste water treatment plants.     

长株潭两型社会建设中统筹城乡发展问题探讨

文章对长株潭两型社会建设中统筹城乡发展问题进行了积极、深入的探讨。分析了统筹城乡发展与试验区两型社会建设的关系,通过相关协调发展指标量化评价了长株潭统筹城乡发展的现状,指出了城乡统筹发展的难点和瓶颈,由此提出长株潭两型社会建设中统筹城乡发展的对策建议,为推进长株潭试验区改革建设提供有力的决策参考。     

The Transformation of the Spanish Livestock System in the Second and Third Food Regimes

The present paper contains an analysis of the special characteristics of livestock systems in Spain, in the context of the domestic and international food relations that prevailed during the so‐called Second and Third Food Regimes. Spanish livestock is an interesting case because patterns of meat production and consumption have changed dramatically since the 1960s, as Spain has become one of Europe's major meat producers. There were also successive periods of transformation in Spain throughout the historical periods analysed herein, from an extensive to an intensive industrial model as well as from a domestically focused to an internationally oriented sector. In particular, the international context has been crucial in the development of Spanish livestock because of Spain's dependence on imported livestock feed and the increasing relevance of exports, especially to other European countries following Spain's accession to the European Union in 1986.     

山东省农村经济发展战略研究

对山东省农村经济发展的区位,资源等优势条件和生态环境,科技文化等限制因素进行了分析,对农村经济发展的现状和潜力进行了评价,探讨了农村经济发展的方向和途径。     

基于空间面板杜宾模型的农村金融发展与农村经济增长关系研究

长期以来,农村金融发展与农村经济增长之间的关系受到国内外众多学者的关注。文章基于柯布-道格拉斯生产函数,考虑到空间溢出效应,将资本因素划分为农村金融发展的规模、效率和结构3个纬度,结合劳动力投入量,通过构建前沿的计量经济学空间面板Durbin模型,对我国30个省市2000~2009年农村金融发展与农村经济增长的关系进行了分析。结果表明,在样本期间,我国农村经济增长存在显著的空间集聚现象;农村金融规模、效率、结构与农村经济增长之间存在显著的相关关系,其中,农村金融规模和农村金融结构对农村经济存在反向作用,而农村金融效率对农村经济具有显著而正向的直接影响且存在正向空间溢出效应,成为影响农村经济增长的关键因素。农村金融发展与农村经济增长之间的良好互动机制尚未建立。因此,各省市在加大农村金融投资规模的同时,要努力提高农村金融资源配置效率。     

我国休闲农业和乡村旅游发展现状与趋势展望

[目的]我国休闲农业和乡村旅游经过近40年的发展,现已进入快速发展阶段,成为富裕农民、提升农业、美化农村的朝阳产业。文章通过梳理我国休闲农业和乡村旅游发展情况,分析未来发展趋势,研判产业发展前景。[方法]主要采用文献分析法。通过查阅文献,总结我国休闲农业和乡村旅游的发展历程,揭示我国休闲农业和乡村旅游的发展现状,最终对我国休闲农业和乡村旅游的未来发展趋势进行展望。[结果]目前,我国休闲农业和乡村旅游有如下的特点:(1)领导高度关注,政策密集出台;(2)市场需求旺盛,社会投资活跃;(3)发展主体多元,发展势头迅猛;(4)内涵日益丰富,类型模式多样;(5)中介服务逐步兴起,组织体系不断健全。[结论]当前和未来一个时期,休闲农业和乡村旅游仍然面临着难得的发展机遇,蕴藏着巨大的发展潜力。未来休闲农业和乡村旅游将呈现出产业形态更加高级、产业贡献日益凸显、产业水平整体提升的良好态势,如保持15.5%以上增速,有望于2020年进入万亿元俱乐部。     

河北省辛集市农村庭院经济调查与研究

通过对辛集农村庭院经济发展情况、生产经营模式的调查分析,指出了目前在庭院经济发展中存在的问题,并针对存在的问题,从政策、经营环境、管理等角度提出今后促进农村庭院经济发展的对策和建议。