Open Source Software: Private Provision of a Public Good

A simple model of open source software (as typified by the GNU-Linux operating system) is presented. Individual user-programmers decide whether to invest their own effort to develop a software enhancement that will become a public good if so developed. The effect of changing the population size of user-programmers is considered; finite and asymptotic results are given. Welfare results are presented. It is shown that whether development will increase when applications have a modular structure depends on whether the developer base exceeds a critical size. Potential explanations of several stylized facts are given, including why certain useful programs don't get written.     

Power, Mastery And Organizational Learning

The topic of power has not featured strongly in debates about organizational learning, a point that is illustrated in a discussion of influential studies of teamworking. Despite the insights that such studies have provided into the nature of expertise and collaboration they have tended not to explore the relevance of issues of hierarchy, politics and institutionalized power relations. The paper addresses the problem by exploring the links between power, expertise and organizational learning. Power is analysed both as the medium for, and the product of, collective activity. The approach emphasizes how skills and imaginations are intertwined with social, technical and institutional structures. While studies of teamworking have concentrated on situations where imaginations and structures are tightly linked, unexpected developments may occur when these relations are loosened. Such situations occur when the needs of the moment overshadow normal routines and relationships and there is no single overview or centre of control. It is suggested that organizational learning can be conceptualized as the movement between familiar and emergent activities and between established and emergent social relations. Events in a two-year action research project are used to illustrate the approach and explore episodes of decentred collaboration.     

开源全景软件与地图结合制作街景的技术探究

详细介绍了使用开源软件SaladoPlayer与SuperMap地图结合制作街景的技术瓶颈,并提出了解决方案和技术实现思路。通过利用SaladoPlayer的XML配置文件来对街景中的相邻两个位置点进行连接,实现场景的流畅过渡,同时配合SuperMap地图,更好的展现场景的位置,从而实现时下流行的街景效果。     

Politics and Organizational Learning

In this paper it is argued that organizational learning is facilitated by a free and open form of politics in the workplace based on a system of political, social and civil rights and obligations within a framework of legitimate authority, parallel to the system that exists in the wider society. The argument is developed by examining issues at three related levels: why 'psychic' space is needed to nurture selfidentity and learning; the institutional pressures in the wider social environment that bring about learning within a whole business sector through open political activity; and how existing organizational learning theory and practice reveal numerous ways in which space for learning and innovation can be made available within work organizations through political processes. Finally, suggestions are made for ways of creating a framework within organizations that will enable such processes to develop.     

基于终身学习与组织学习的学习型物流企业研究

探讨了物流企业终身学习与组织学习内涵、方式及其意义,建立学习型企业的途径与方式。分析了在终身学习与组织学习的条件下有效进行知识管理以及知识链和学习链管理的意义,推进企业知识传播、共享和创新的过程与机制。建立了学习型组织模型。     

Organizational Transformation in Transition Economies: Resource-based and Organizational Learning Perspectives

ABSTRACT The capitalist and socialist societies of the twentieth century assigned firms different roles within their economic systems. Enterprises transforming from socialist to market economies thus face fundamental organizational restructuring. Many former state-owned firms in the transition economies of Central and Eastern Europe have failed at this task. These firms have pursued primarily defensive downsizing, rather than strategic restructuring, as a result of both internal and external constraints on restructuring strategies.
Building on the organizational learning and resource-based theories, we analyse strategies available to management in privatized, former state-owned enterprises in transition economies to restructure their organization. Both internal forces promoting or inhibiting the restructuring process, and external constraints arising in the transition context are examined. A model and testable propositions are developed that explain post-privatization performance. Implications of our research point to the ways in which firms should manage and develop their resource base to transform to competitive enterprises.     

Organizational Learning: Debates Past, Present And Future

In this paper we attempt to map the development of organizational learning as a field of academic study by examining the rise and fall of specific debates. This does not pretend to be a comprehensive review of the field since there is now far too much material available to allow full coverage in any single publication. Rather, we have identified some of the key debates, and these have been organized along the simplistic time-line of past, present and future. Our purpose is two-fold: first, to note how the nature and language of the key ideas in organizational learning have changed over time; and second, to locate the papers in this Special Issue within the context of the developing field. It is perhaps no accident that we see most of the papers as closely associated with new, and emerging, issues, but we also find it interesting to note that many of these current or emergent issues actually have roots within some of the earlier debates.     

组织学习方式与知识创新研究综述

本文首先对国内外组织学习方式与知识创新理论进行了分析,从不同角度探讨和比较组织学习方式,并对知识创新理论进行了研究。最后分析组织学习方式与知识创新之间的紧密关系。     

Explaining Team-Based Pay: A Contingency Perspective Based on the Organizational Life Cycle,Team Design,and Organizational Learning Literatures

Using a contingency perspective that combines the organizational life cycle, team design, and organizational learning literatures, a total of 12 propositions are developed to explain and predict the application of team-based pay in organizations. In essence, this article argues that financial capabilities (associated with various stages in the life cycle) and human capital capabilities (represented by factors leading to an organization's absorptive capacity) should have a major impact on the application of team-based pay. It is also expected that situational favorableness for team pay (as determined by team task design) should influence the likelihood of its application in an organization.     

几款开源学习内容管理系统（LCMS）的应用比较

文章借助EduTools网站提供的开源学习内容管理系统,并通过实际安装和使用进行比较,从四个方面作一分析,并结合网络教育和网络课程的实际情况提出选择策略,以其帮助教师合理的选择开源学习内容管理系统。     

论领导行为，组织学习、创新与绩效间影响的实证研究

本研究提出一理论架构,将组织学习与组织创新作为解释领导行为与组织绩效间关系的主要中介变量。运用经济理论、管理理论和问卷调查研究方法,以台湾新竹科学园区的信息电子产业作为实证研究的对象,有效分析样本厂商共112家。分别以基本叙述统计、信效度分析、因素分析与典型相关分析等方法来进行实证并验证本研究所提出之各项假设。主要发现为:整体而言,本研究整体理论模式配置符合可接受的适合度检定水准,表示本研究的理论架构可获得支持,故组织学习与组织创新作为领导行为与组织绩效间的影响关系确实存在着。     

Software for Learning and for Doing Statistics

The community of statisticians and statistics educators should take responsibility for the evaluation and improvement of software quality from the perspective of education. The paper will develop a perspective, an ideal system of requirements to critically evaluate existing software and to produce future software more adequate both for learning and doing statistics in introductory courses. Different kinds of tools and microworlds are needed. After discussing general requirements for such programs, a prototypical ideal software system will be presented in detail. It will be illustrated how such a system could be used to construct learning environments and to support elementary data analysis with exploratory working style.     

Managing An Organizational Learning System By Aligning Stocks and Flows

This paper considers the relationship between the stocks and flows of learning across levels in an overall organizational learning system. A survey instrument based on the Strategic Learning Assessment Map (SLAM) was administered to 15 individuals representing senior‐, middle‐ and non‐management levels from each of 32 organizations, resulting in a total sample of 480 respondents. This research supports the premise that there is a positive relationship between the stocks of learning at all levels and business performance. Furthermore, the proposition that the misalignment of stocks and flows in an overall organizational learning system is negatively associated with business performance is also supported.     

Business Strategy,HRM Practices and Organizational Performance: A Study of the Indian Software Industry

ABSTRACT

Human resources and human resources management system create competitive advantage in today's global market economy that provides wider access to technology, finance and other resources. HRM research has set a new trend with its linkage process with business strategy and organizational performance to find a place for the profession and add value to the organization. This paper intends to unveil the business strategic models, HRM practices and organizational performance in Indian software companies. The study has found that there is a significant difference among HR practices in software companies in India based on Miles and Snow's strategic types, viz., prospectors, defenders, analyzers and reactors. Although reactors showed their difference from other strategic types, no significant difference was found among three proactive strategic types, viz. prospector, defender and analyzer. With regard to performance analysis, it was found that prospectors have a comparative advantage over other strategic types in almost all performance parameters. Although incentives and stock options have a greater overall impact on performance parameters, there is a lot of difference among factors that influence organizational effectiveness in three proactive strategic types.     

组织支持感、组织认同感与OCB的关系研究

回收了金域集团上海子公司和贵阳子公司共161份有效问卷。数据分析结果表明:①组织支持感与组织认同感呈显著正相关关系;②组织支持感与组织公民行为呈显著正相关关系;③组织认同感与OCB呈显著正相关关系;④组织认同感组织支持感与OCB之间起完全中介作用。研究结果为国内医学监测行业管理员工,提高组织公民行为提供了实证依据。     

Henry George and the Intellectual Foundations of the Open Source Movement

The emergence of a common development platform (either in the form of open source projects or proprietary products) and the corresponding economic communities that emerge to support those platforms is similar in scale and scope to the concept of the city found in Henry George's economics of time and place. A modern counterpart to the 19^th‐century focus on land can be found in the 20^th‐century concern with the establishment of intellectual property rights that fence off a portion of the creative commons in order to construct temporary monopolies. Captured in the open source movement where licenses that specify property rights are adopted in order to provide a great deal of flexibility in terms of how ideas are used and shared, a strong connection can be drawn between this modern movement and the work of Henry George. Building a connection between the two provides greater clarity in terms of understanding how in a modern technology‐based economy, progress can be achieved without poverty.     

生产管理中计划调度的组织架构优化设计

针对企业生产管理中存在的计划调度组织层级较低且职能分散的情况,提出精简组织架构、简化业务流程、提升生产管理效率的组织架构优化方案,以期实现企业的劳动生产率、生产产值、产品销售额、企业利润率、存货周转率、资金周转率等企业运营关键业务指标的大幅提升,极大增强企业竞争力。     

从产学研角度分析《水环境修复工程》开设的必要性

现代水利已从单纯的工程水利演进为生态水利,水利工作者必须承担起水利建设与水环境保护双重任务,在水利工程专业开设水环境修复课程是为了适应这一转变。由于没有开设先修课程,学生们普遍缺乏必须的基本知识,给课程的开设带来一定的困难。为了解决困难,提高教学效果,采用了以下形式进行教学:以产学研为中心,采用研讨课的形式,围绕实际问题进行教学;努力将水利专业学生设计能力及建模能力较强的优势应用到水环境修复工程实践中;结合地域特色大量采用案例进行教学。实践表明,这种教学模式激发了学生的兴趣,使学生自觉通过课外学习扫除知识盲点,有效地解决了学生未上先修课程带来的基础知识的缺陷问题,取得了良好的教学效果。     

Information, Control, and Organizational Structure

This paper investigates how a designer of an organization (referred to as the regulator) should organize a production activity in which two different units produce components and where each unit has private information about its costs. Three organizational structures are analyzed. In the first (informational consolidation), the regulator contracts with a consolidated unit that produces both components. In the second (informational decentralization), the regulator independently contracts with the producer of each component. In the third (informational delegation), the regulator contracts with one of the units, which in turn subcontracts with the other. In each case, the regulator's optimal mechanism consisting of payment and output schedules is fully characterized. Informational consolidation and informational decentralization yield different output schedules. Under informational decentralization, the optimal output schedule may not depend on the sum of the marginal costs of each component, but when it does, the regulator strictly prefers informational consolidation to informational decentralization. Informational delegation is shown to be equivalent to informational decentralization when the regulator can observe the contracting between the units.