LIVING ON THE MARGINS: The Socio-spatial Representation of Urban Internally Displaced Persons in Ethiopia

In cities in the global South, internally displaced persons (IDPs) often end up in marginalized places created by uneven processes of urbanization. While IDPs experience similar disadvantages to the urban poor living in these places, they face additional vulnerabilities related to their displacement. Building on insights from urban studies and forced migration studies, we argue in this article that a multidimensional understanding of urban marginality is a useful analytical lens with which to examine the conditions of urban IDPs. Based on multi-sited ethnographic research in Kersa and Sululta IDP settlements of Ethiopia, this study reveals how IDPs experience similar spatial, social and symbolic marginality in different urban contexts. Our findings show the relational manifestation of segregation, social distance and stigmatization that impede IDPs’ access to urban space and services. This study also highlights how these dimensions of marginality interact and reproduce an additional layer of marginality. Our research suggests the need for inclusive urban governance in which IDPs contribute to and benefit from urbanization as citizens.     

Sur l'intervention de l'état dans le financement du logement

Magri, S. 1972: Politique du logement et besoins en main d'?uvre. Pinçon, M. 1976: Les HLM. Structure sociale de la population logée, agglomération de Paris. Harvey, D. 1973: Social justice and the city Roberts, J. T. 1976: General improvement areas. Farnborough: National Community Development Project 1975: The poverty of the improvement programme. Lindberg, L. N., Alford, R., Crouch, C. and Offe, C. , editors, 1975: Stress and contradiction in modern capitalism. Perlman, J. E. 1976: The myth of marginality: urban poverty and politics in Rio de Janeiro. Granelle, J-J. 1975: La valeur du sol urbain et la propriété foncière: le marché des terrains à Paris.     

Bookshelf 2002

Books reviewed in this article: Bernhard Ebbinghaus and Jelle Visser Macmillan, Trade Unions in Western Europe since 1945 Andrew Martin and George Ross (eds), The Brave New World of European Labor: European Trade Unions at the Millennium G. Fajertag and P. Pochet (eds), Social Pacts in Europe–New Dyamics Roger Zegers de Beijl (ed.), Documenting Discrimination against Migrant Workers in the Labour Market: a Comparative Study of Four European Countries     

Book Reviews

Books reviewed: Colin Bryson, The Insecure Workforce Thomas Murakami, Employment Relations: Individualisation and Union Exclusion‐An Interanational Study Dr Stephen Heycock, More with Less: Work Reorganization in the Canadian Mining Industry G.C Harcourt, The Development of Economics in Western Europe since 1945     

Land Pooling for Resubdivision and New Subdivision in Western Australia

Abstract . Land pooling is a technique for the unified subdivision of separate private landholdings in urban-fringe areas. Pooling projects are self-financing and the costs and profits of each project are shared between the participating landowners. It provides local governments with a powerful tool for implementing their municipal land use plans and for ensuring an adequate supply of urban land. Local governments in Western Australia began using land pooling in 1951, first to redesign and service old, undeveloped subdivision estates (development projects), then to install special infrastructure works in new suburban areas, and later for the progressive development of their municipalities. By 1982 a total of 56 pooling projects ranging from 1.5 to 250 hectares had been undertaken in metropolitan Perth. The technique and its use in the state of Western Australia are described and discussed and improvements 3re proposed. A case history of a typical pooling project is presented in the appendix. The West Australian experience shows that land pooling could be adopted to improve urban development and land supply for housing in the U.S.A. and Canada, and in other mixed-economy countries.     

Book Reviews

The main purpose of this exploratory research was to study the strategic importance of Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) as an emerging source of professional talent for European and American multinational corporations (MNCs) operating in Western Europe. The findings, based on in-depth interviews with 34 human resource leaders and consultants from 16 firms in the European Union and Switzerland, suggest that the new member states currently hold little strategic importance in the context of recruiting knowledge workers to Western Europe, and that MNCs' global staffing strategies may be excluding a strong and untapped source of professional talent. The less obvious and perhaps most important findings about why most of these MNCs do not systematically recruit from CEE countries lead to perceptions about CEE cultures and the communist legacy that still linger today.     

Book Reviews

Book reviewed in this article: Abu-Lughod, J.L. 1980: Rabat: urban apartheid in Morocco. Western, J. 1982: Outcast Cape Town. Clavel, P., Forester, J. and Goldsmith, W.W. editors, 1980: Urban and regional planning in an age of austerity. Fischer, S. 1982: To dwell among friends. Fraser, D. editor, 1982: Municipal reform and the industrial city. Gregory, D. 1982: Regional transformation and industrial revolution. A geography of the Yorkshire woollen industry. Hudson, R. and Lewis, J. editors, 1982: Regional planning in Europe. Marris, P. 1982: Community planning and conceptions of change. Paris, C. editor, 1982: Critical readings in planning theory. Portes, A. and Walton, J. 1981: Labour, class and the international system. Roussopoulos, D. editor, 1982: The city and radical social change. Solomos, J. editor, 1982: Migrant workers in metropolitan cities. Stave, B.M. editor, 1982: Modern industrial cities: history, policy and survival. Sutcliffe, A. 1981: Towards the planned city: Germany, Britain, United States and France, 1780–1914. Teymur, N. 1982: Environmental discourse. Thomas, D., Minett, J., Hopkins, S., Hamnett, S., Faludi, A. and Barrell, D. 1982: Flexibility and commitment in planning. Young, K. and Garside, P.L. 1982: Metropolitan London: politics and urban change 1837–1981.     

Book Reviews

Book reviewed in this article: Katznelson, I. 1981: City trenches. Urban politics and the patterning of class in the United States. Law, C. 1981: British regional development since world war I. Lee, M.-G. editor, 1981: Toward a new community life: reports of the international Research Seminar on the Sae Maul Movement. Martin, R. L. editor, 1981: Regional wage inflation and unemployment. National Committee on Pilot Schemes to Combat Poverty 1981: Final report. Pilot schemes to combat poverty in Ireland 1974–80 Newton, K. 1980: Balancing the books: financing problems of local government in west Europe. Sharpe, L. J. editor, 1981: The local fiscal crisis in western Europe: myths and realities. Pacione, M. editor, 1981: Problems and planning in third world cities. Saunders, P. 1981: Social theory and the urban question.     

Book Reviews

Book reviewed in this article: Andrusz, G.D. 1984: Housing and urban development in the USSR. Apter, D. and Sawa, N. 1984: Against the state: politics and social protest in Japan. Barrett, P. 1983: The automobile and urban transit: the formation of public policy in Chicago, 1900–1930. Bateman, M. 1985: Office development. Browning, R.P., Marshall, D.R. and Tabb, D.H. 1984: Protest is not enough. The struggle of blacks and hispanics for equality in urban politics. Clark, G. and Dear, M. 1984: State apparatus. Structures and language of legitimacy. Cooke, P. 1983: Theories of planning and spatial development. Delorme, R. and André, C. 1983: L'état et l'économie: un essai d'explication de l'évolution des dépenses publiques en France (1870–1980). Fetter, B. 1983: Colonial rule and regional imbalance in central Africa. Forbes, D.K. 1984: The geography of underdevelopment. Forbes, D.K. and Rimmer, P.J. editors, 1984: Uneven development and the geographical transfer of value. Godbout, J. 1983: La participation contre la démocratie. Hague, C. 1984: The development of planning thought. Harloe, M. 1985: Private rented housing in the United States and Europe. Johnston, R.J. 1984: Residential segregation, the state, and constitutional conflict in American urban areas. Kirby, A., Knox, P. and Pinch, S. editors, 1984: Public service provision and urban development. McDonald, J. and Ward, S.K. editors, 1984: The politics of urban fiscal policy. Rassam, A. and Zghal, A. editors, 1980: Système urbain et development au Maghreb. Redclift, N. and Mingione, E. editors, 1985: Beyond employment: household, gender and subsistence. Seers, D. and Öström, K. editors, 1983: The crises of the European regions. Skinner, R.J. and Rodell, M.J. editors, 1983: People, poverty and shelter. Szelenyi, I. 1983: Urban inequalities under state socialism. Kolosi, T. and Wnuk-Lipinski, E. editors, 1983: Equality and inequality under socialism. Tabb, W.K. and Sawers, L. editors, 1984: Marxism and the metropolis. Taub, R.P., Taylor, D.G. and Dunham, J.D. 1984: Paths of neighborhood change: race and crime in urban America. Van Vliet, W., Huttman, E. and Fava, S.F. editors, 1985: Housing needs and policy approaches: trends in thirteen countries. Boleat, M. 1984: National housing finance systems: a comparative study. Weaver, C. 1984: Regional development and the local community: planning, politics and social context. Wynn, M. editor, 1984: Planning and urban growth in southern Europe.     

Book Reviews

Book reviewed in this article: Ashford D. E. 1982: British dogmatism and French pragmatism: central local policy making in the welfare state. Dear, M.J. and Taylor, S.M. 1982: Not on our street. Hamilton, F.E.I. and Linge, G.J.R. editors, 1983: Spatial analysis, industry and the industrial environment. Healey, P. 1983: Local plans in British land use planning. Kemeny, J. 1983: The privatised city: critical studies in Australian housing and urban structure. Lake, R.W. editor, 1983: Readings in urban analysis: perspectives on urban form and structure. Lundquist, L.J. and Wiktorin, M. editors, 1983: Current trends in British housing. Priemus, H. editor, 1983: Who will pay the housing bill in the eighties? Sims, D. and Wood, M. 1984: Car manufacturing at Linwood: the regional policy issues. Stoney, P.J.M. and Bourn, M. 1984: Industrial development in Merseyside: motor vehicle assembly and the port of Liverpool. Smith, M.P. editor, 1984: Cities in transformation: class, capital and the state. Williams, R.H. editor, 1983: Planning in Europe.     

Gentrification in Hong Kong? Epistemology vs. Ontology

This article examines the transferability of the concept of gentrification away from its Anglo‐American heartland to the cities of Asia Pacific and specifically Hong Kong. An epistemological argument challenges such theoretical licence, claiming that conceptual overreach represents another example of Anglo‐American hegemony asserting the primacy of its concepts in other societies and cultures. Past research suggests that if gentrification exists in Asia Pacific cities it bears some definite regional specificities of urban form, state direction and, most surprising from a Western perspective, a potentially progressive dimension for some impacted residents. Closer examination of urban discourse in Hong Kong is conducted through analysis of English and Chinese language newspapers. In both instances, gentrification is barely used to describe the pervasive processes of urban redevelopment, which otherwise receive abundant coverage. Interviews with local housing experts confirm the marginality of gentrification in academic and public discourse, and the power of a local ideology that sees urban (re)development unproblematically as a means of upward social mobility. However, in the decade‐long housing bust after 1997, growing inequality has encouraged a nascent class analysis of the property market, an ontological awakening that may prove more favourable to the identification of gentrification in an Asia Pacific idiom.     

Accounts from behind the Curtain: History and Geography in the Critical Analysis of Urban Theory

This article seeks to contribute to the debate on the proposal to decentre urban theory and to develop postcolonial urban studies, and on the related issue of the geography of the production and circulation of knowledge. It focuses on how scholars writing about post‐socialist cities explain why their sub‐field has so far contributed little to urban theory, and it proposes an alternative—historically informed—perspective on the issue. Based on an analysis of the ties and exchanges that existed between urban studies in Central and Eastern Europe and ‘West‐based' urban theory and research during the state‐socialist period, this article argues that the recognized current position of research on post‐socialist cities in relation to international urban scholarship has important historical parallels with the period prior to 1989. The article thus underlines the need to include a historically informed analysis of geography of knowledge production in critical thinking about urban theory and in the project of cosmopolitan urban studies. The capacities of researchers in different localities to contribute to this project are various and shaped by the history of the discipline. The conditions and perspectives in and from which researchers contribute to urban theory should therefore be taken into account if the project of cosmopolitan urban studies is to succeed.     

Taking Bourdieu to the Shantytown

This essay extends Bourdieu's work on habitat–habitus and symbolic domination to the study of urban marginality. A full account of urban relegation should pay systematic attention to the environmental hazards to which the dispossessed are routinely exposed. Social science accounts of how domination works at the urban margins should place poor people's experience of time (and, particularly, of waiting) at their front and center.     

Book Reviews

Book reviewed in this article: Cawson, A. 1982: Corporatism and welfare. Social policy and state intervention in Britain. Cherry, G. 1982: The politics of town planning. Dear, M. and Scott, A.J. editors, 1981: Urbanisation and urban planning in capitalist society. Donnison, D. and Ungerson, C. 1982: Housing policy. Short, J. 1982: Housing in Britain: the postwar experience. Fothergill, S. and Gudgin, G. 1982: Unequal growth: urban and regional employment change in the UK. Frank, H. and Schubert, D. editors, 1983: Lesebuch zur Wohnungsfrage. Friedland, R. 1982: Power and crisis in the city: corporations, unions and urban policy. Friedman, J. and Weinberg, D.H. editors, 1983: The great housing experiment. Goodman, D. and Redclift, M. 1981: From peasant to proletarian. Capitalist development and agrarian transitions. Hellstern, G-M., Speer, F. and Wollman, H. editors, 1982: Applied urban research. Proceedings of the European Meeting on Applied Urban Research, Essen, 2–4 October 1981 Herlyn, U. and Göschel, A., Kramer, J., Schardt, T. and Wendt, G. 1980: Grossstadtstrukturen und ungleiche Lebensbedingungen in der Bundesrepublik. Heskin, A.D. 1983: Tenants and the American dream: ideology and the tenant movement. Hirsch, A.R. 1983: Making the second ghetto: race and housing in Chicago 1940–60. Johnson, J. and Pooley, C. editors, 1982: The structure of nineteenth-century cities. Loney, M. 1983: Community against government: the British Community Development Project 1968–78 - a study of government incompetence. Maillat, D. editor, 1982: Technology: a key factor for regional development. McKay, D.H. editor, 1982: Planning and politics in western Europe. Merrett, S. with Gray, F. 1982: Owner occupation in Britain. Zukin, S. 1982: Loft living: culture and capital in urban change.     

Book Reviews

Book reviewed in this article: Baldassare, M. editor, 1983: Cities and urban living. Castells, M. 1983: The city and the grassroots. Crenson, M. 1983: Neighborhood politics. Efrat, E. 1984: Urbanization in Israel. Fainstein, N. and Fainstein, S. editors, 1982: Urban policy under capitalism. Fraser, D. and Sutcliffe, A. editors, 1983: The pursuit of urban history. Harrison, M.L. editor, 1984: Corporatism and the welfare state. Hartman, C. editor, 1983: America's housing crisis: what is to be done? Husbands, C.T. 1983: Racial exclusionism and the city: the urban support of the National Front. Long, M. 1982: Moral regime and model institutions: precursors of town planning in early Victorian England. Melling, J. 1983: Rent strikes: peoples' struggle for housing in west Scotland, 1890–1916. Damer, S. 1982: Rent strike! The Clydebank rent strike of the 1920s. Mollenkopf, J. 1983: The contested city. Offe, C. (edited by Keane, J. ) 1984: Contradictions of the welfare state. Sandercock, L. and Berry, M. 1983: Urban political economy. Schill, M.H. and Nathan, R.P. 1983: Revitalizing America's cities: neighborhood reinvestment and displacement. Sharpe, W. and Wallock, L. editors, 1983: Visions of the modern city: essays in history, art and literature. Wynn, M. editor, 1983: Housing in Europe.     

Book Reviews

Books reviewed: Hugh Atkinson and Stuart Wilks‐Heeg Local government from Thatcher to Blair: the politics of creative autonomy Alistair Cole and Peter John Local governance in England and France Gertjan Dijkink and Hans Knippenberg (eds.) The territorial factor: political geography in a globalising world André Donzel Marseille: l'expérience de la cité John Dunning (ed.) Regions, globalization, and the knowledge based economy Jonathan Glancey Bread and circuses Brian Richards Future transport in cities Marco Buti, Daniele Franco and Lucio R. Pench (eds.) The welfare state in Europe: challenges and reforms Kenneth Kolson Big plans: the allure and folly of urban design Sako Musterd and Willem Salet (eds.) Amsterdam human capital Martin Kronauer Exklusion: Die Gefährdung des Sozialen im hochentwickelten Kapitalismus     

Book Reviews

Book reviewed in this article: Esping-Andersen, Gosta (ed.) 1993 Changing classes: stratification and mobility in post-industrial societies. Fainstein, Susan S. 1994: The city builders: property, politics, and planning in London and New York. Heinelt, Hubert and Margit Mayer (eds) 1992: Politik in europäischen Städten: Fallstudien zur Bedeutung lokaler Politik. Mollenkopf, John Hull 1992: The phoenix in the ashes: the rise and fall of the Koch coalition in New York City politics. Fainstein, Susan S. (1994) The city builders: property, politics and planning in London and New York. Power, Anne 1993: Hovels to high rise: state housing in Europe since 1850. Rothblatt, D.N. and A. Sancton (eds) 1993: American-Canadian metropolitan intergovernmental governance perspectives. Squires, Gregory D. (ed.) 1992: From redlining to reinvestment: community responses to urban disinvestment.     

The role of the state in Central and Eastern European industrial relations: the case of minimum wages

Governments in Central and Eastern Europe are dominant players in the field of industrial relations, acting in a ‘liberalisation dilemma’ between the needs of further state regulation to compensate the shortcomings of autonomous self‐regulation by social actors and the demands of liberalised markets in the enlarged EU. Compared with the different types of industrial relation systems in Western Europe, a transitional model with specific etatist features has emerged. This becomes particularly evident when analysing the decision‐making process in Tripartite Councils and its function in determining national minimum wages. The article underlines the recent trends of differentiation and convergence of such pay principles as well as urgent tasks of the state to regulate the unsolved problems of poverty, labour markets and labour standards.     

Re‐reading Castells: Indifference or Irrelevance Twenty Years On?

This essay considers the relevance of The City and the Grassroots to contemporary debates within critical urban analysis. It argues that the book addresses many of the same empirical topics as more recent scholarship, but that shifts in the kinds of questions asked about those topics may make the book seem less relevant to contemporary debates. In particular, Castells’ attempt to abstract from local experience to understand the process of political and social change in something specifically ‘urban’ may be at odds with the goals of contemporary research and of researchers outside Europe, many of whom attempt to provide a differentiated analysis attuned to context and the positionality of agents within social movements. So, while the book makes important contributions to theoretical and empirical arguments because of its deep and rich comparative analysis, intellectual debates and approaches over the past 20 years may have shifted focus.