Global tourism vulnerability to climate change

Climate change will have far-reaching consequence for the future of tourism. A Climate Change Vulnerability Index for Tourism (CVIT) comprised of 27 indicators provides a transparent and systematic first analysis of the differential vulnerability of the tourism sector in 181 countries. Countries with the lowest vulnerability are found in western and northern Europe, central Asia, Canada and New Zealand. High sector vulnerability is found in Africa, Middle East, South Asia and Small Island Developing States. Vulnerability is highest in many countries where tourism represents the largest proportion of GDP and regions where tourism growth is expected to be the strongest over the coming decades. Climate change will pose an increasing barrier to tourism contributions to the Sustainable Development Goals.     

Conceptualizing inter‐regional partnership for tourism promotion: In case of the East Asia inter‐regional tourism forum (EATOF)

Tourism in East Asia is in transition. One of the most striking movements in international tourism arena in East Asia is the emergence of local initiative toward building a joint network of destination marketing. The East Asia Inter‐Regional Tourism Forum (EATOF) which has been embarked in September 2000 is a concrete example of this sort. Even though a regional association is a newly rising trend in tourism, conceptualizing a model of inter‐regional tourism cooperation has been scarcely attempted. The current paper is devoted to fill the academic lacuna by suggesting a systematic framework of inter‐regional association of tourism promotion. Then the case of the EATOF was critically analyzed and evaluated under the framework of the proposed type of networking. It is argued in this paper that the inter‐regional tourism cooperation is neither irrelevant with the regional situation, nor inconsistent with the theoretical logic.     

《地理学报》视野中的旅游研究——特征、主题与阶段演变

《地理学报》是刊载地理学研究权威成果的最具影响力的国内学术期刊,刊载的旅游地理学学术研究成果反映了该学科的特征、主题和发展态势。本文以《地理学报》刊载的旅游研究论文为数据样本,采用CiteSpace软件绘制旅游地理学相关领域30年来的研究成果图谱,可视化展现其主要学术力量、热点主题、研究方法及其时间演变过程,从而考察30年来该学科领域的发展趋势。研究发现：旅游地理学载文数量日益增多,主题呈现多元化。相关成果有明显的阶段性特征,经历了起步转向、继承发展和综合发展的3个旅游研究阶段。同时,整体研究呈现向东部倾斜的趋势,且实证研究多于理论研究,旅游地理学的理论体系亟待完善。未来需加强学科间的交流与合作,重视理论创新、学科交叉,促使旅游地理学迸发出新的生命活力。     

Post-disaster tourism: building resilience through community-led approaches in the aftermath of the 2011 disasters in Japan

Abstract

Post-disaster tourism is often perceived as a form of Dark Tourism associated with death, loss and destruction. In Japan, the term Dark Tourism has gained prominence following the 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake and Tsunami. This paper focuses on a community-led approach to post-disaster tourism development, initiated in the coastal area of Minamisanriku and labelled by the locals Blue Tourism. From its inception Blue Tourism incorporated non-dark activities which concentrated on the beauty of nature, social and environmental sustainability and the development of an enriched tourist experience. Its co-creational ethos helped transform some of the negative narratives of loss associated with Dark Tourism into positive accounts of communal renewal and hope. The paper highlights the limitations of Dark Tourism to post-disaster recovery and contributes new insights to the community-based tourism literature. We argue that Blue Tourism is not a type of Dark Tourism but a form of resilience which builds around local place-based practices and traditional community knowledge. Consequently, it is capable of achieving sustainable disaster recovery and tourist satisfaction simultaneously.     

Standardization of tourism education and training to address the increasing demand for tourism staff in the East Asia/pacific region

Major travel and tourism organizations, including the World Tourism Organization (WTO) and the World Travel and Tourism Council (WTTC), agree that tourism will continue to grow significantly throughout the next two decades, with the most prolific inbound and outbound growth occurring in that part of the world (Northeast and Southeast Asia) from which most East Asian Tourism Forum (EATOF) members are drawn. This paper argues that the limiting factor to successful growth is the availability of sufficient skilled staff, with appropriate technical and interpersonal skills, to enable tourism expansion to proceed without loss of service standards. Properly devised and adequately resourced education and training programmes are essential to provide such skilled staff. This paper will elaborate on some of the tourism growth statistics and related increases in staffing needs, and raise the idea of creating regional standards of education and training. Such regional standards could be used fundamentally to help destinations to ensure the quality of tourism staff. In addition, such regional schemes could be used for marketing purposes, to assure international visitors and travel organizers of the high standards available in those destinations.     

滇西北旅游业发展中的隐忧与对策

滇西北旅游业自进入90年代以来发展势头迅猛，并在许多方面成为云南乃至全国旅游业开发与发展的典范。但滇西北旅游业在发展过程之中也暴露出一些结构性、深层次的矛盾，亟须加以注意并采取有效措施予以解决，从而使滇西北旅游业能够真正走上可持续发展之路。     

Terrorism,Seasonality, and International Air Tourist Arrivals in Central Florida

The Orlando International Airport (OIA) is growing in its importance in the regional tourism of Central Florida. This study provides some explanation for the fast growth of the OIA international passenger traffic by developing a multiple regression model. Five variables are identified as significantly related to the passenger arrivals at the OIA. The positive relationship between the economic performance of other industrialized countries and the OIA international arrivals is consistence with the hypothesis that income is positive determinant in travel decision. The increasing hijacking incidents in Europe and the Middle East is found to have a destination substitution effect between Orlando and European/Middle East. Hijacking may have encouraged Canadian and European tourist to switch from European/Middle East destinations to the United States in general, and to Orlando in particular. The composite tourism supply variable, represented by the number of Orlando hotel/model rooms, is found to be positively related to the OIA international arrivals. The two dummy variables of seasonality represent the natural component of the tourism supply of Orlando, its pleasant winter and early spring sunshine. The model indicates that this natural factor contributes significantly to the international passenger arrivals.     

Tourism crises and island destinations: Experiences in Penang,Malaysia

Crisis management and tourism is attracting increasing attention as an industry practice and subject of academic enquiry, not least in South East Asia which has been affected by a number of severe crises in recent years. However, organisations are not always well prepared and response strategies can be deficient. The paper discusses issues of tourism crisis management with specific reference to the popular Malaysian destination of Penang. Findings are based on qualitative research consisting of semi-structured interviews with industry leaders from assorted sectors. Tourism in Penang emerges as vulnerable to regional and global events which act as a trigger for tourism crises, demanding a response in which various strategies are employed. The destination is also seen to recover fairly quickly from experiences of crises, but a well designed and formulated tourism crisis management plan under the stewardship of the public sector is necessary to mitigate further damage in the future.     

中国旅游产业政策演变及其有效性研究

旅游产业政策旨在规范行业发展,引导产业上水平,优化产业结构,成为调控旅游产业发展的重要手段。1978年至今,我国旅游产业政策的变迁受多种因素影响。在探讨旅游产业演变的基础上,利用我国31省区市2001~2018年面板数据测度旅游产业政策的有效性。结果发现:旅游财政投入能极大地促进旅游产业发展;由中央政府和地方政府颁布的不同层级旅游产业政策具有时效性差异,中央政府旅游产业政策具有时滞性特征,滞后期为一年,而地方旅游产业政策具有即时有效性;旅游产业政策空间分布及有效性存在东中西区域性差异。     

Barriers to international travel

David Edgell, Director of the Office of Policy and Planning, US Travel and Tourism Administration, sets out the restrictions to international travel pertaining to the Americas. Both financial and legal barriers contribute to reduced tourist flows. The Americas - where restrictions are most severe - have suffered a reduction in tourism market share, whereas East Asia and the Pacific - where travel within the region is facilitated rather than restricted - have experienced the fastest growth in tourism receipts.     

欠发达地区旅游中心地发展与演变——以南宁市为例

欠发达地区旅游中心地随着区域旅游业的不断发展,大多经历了旅游依托地向旅游集散地的发展历程.这种演变使旅游中心地所在的旅游区域随之形成旅游中心地体系,且其在此旅游中心地体系的等级也随着这一发展历程向更高等级演化.把握好旅游中心地这一演变发展规律并制定相应的旅游发展战略,是区域旅游规模不断扩展且持续良性发展的重要环节.     

Economic aspects

This article identifies likely trends in the planning and development of tourism into the 1990s. Tourism is important to the economy of a country in terms of job creation, foreign exchange generation and government revenues. To safeguard the tourism industry, planning must ensure that tourism products are appropriate in scale and design, and will receive adequate funding. Marketing must be more competitive and the activities of planners, developers and marketers should be coordinated. Better cooperation between public and private sectors will be necessary. Overall, tourist boards must become more effective and the tourism industry more efficient.     

近10年文化旅游研究进展--《Tourism Management》、 《Annals of Tourism Research》和《旅游学刊》研究评述

论文通过对国外《Tourism Management》、《Annals of Tourism Research》及国内《旅游学刊》3大期刊近10年来发表的有关文化旅游的82篇文献进行研究方法的分类和分析讨论，从概念与综述、文化旅游地景观厦其形象研究、文化旅游者厦市场研究、文化旅游赍源厦开发研究、文化旅游环境与保护研究、文化旅游管理研究、文化旅游理论与方法研究7个方面对文化旅游研究内容进行了综述，井对近年朱国内外文化旅游研究的重点问题和未来研究方向进行了分析。     

A Case Study: Enhancing Laos' Tourism Sector Performance Through Destination Human Resource Development

Tourism in the Lao People's Democratic Republic (Laos) is a relatively new phenomenon that commenced in earnest in the late 1990s. A decade later, the country's tourism portfolio is dominated by regional visitors originating from neighbouring China, Thailand and Vietnam who generally tend to come in large numbers, are relatively low spenders and register short average length of stays. In order to reap the fiscal benefits of tourism and sustain the nation's fragile cultural and ecological makeup, the Government of Laos is being challenged to establish ways to shift the balance of its tourism demand to more profitable and lower impact market segments. A human resource development strategy published by the Lao National Tourism Administration in collaboration with Luxembourg Development Cooperation suggests that a sustained investment in people will improve tourism sector service quality, which in turn will result in increased industry profitability. This paper explores the existing human resource environment in Laos' tourism sector and outlines the required actions by various stakeholders to achieve improved sector performance and stewardship of the country's fragile culture and environment.     

论旅游文化——文化人类学视野

目前,国内旅游文化研究已进入了瓶颈阶段。尽管有近40部与旅游文化相关的著作和教材以及大量学术论文,但人们在各种意义上使用"旅游文化"这一词汇,旅游文化的内涵与外延仍模糊不定。文章在追溯国内外旅游文化研究成果的基础上,从文化的发生层面来界定和框限旅游文化,并在内涵、特性、功能层面上对旅游文化与一般文化进行比较分析,进而指出未来的旅游文化研究可以运用文化人类学传统民族志方法来获取第一手资料。同时,文章旨在反思国内旅游文化研究的概念误区,并尝试以文化人类学视角来廓清旅游文化的外延,将旅游文化视为文化生产与再生产的结果,为旅游文化内涵的明确化、具体化做抛砖引玉的前期思考。     

国外中国旅游研究进展——《Annals of Tourism Research》、《Tourism Management》和《Journal of Travel Research》研究述评

本文对、和三大权威旅游期刊上发表的有关中国旅游研究的51篇文献进行了综述,确认了现状分析、旅游政策、旅游开发与规划、基础研究、出境旅游以及旅游与政治等六大研究主题,并对每一主题进行了回顾与总结,探讨了未来研究的重点和方向.     

Progress in Tourism Management: Is urban tourism a paradoxical research domain? Progress since 2011 and prospects for the future

This paper reviews progress in the field of urban tourism, revisiting and challenging the validity of the paradoxes presented in the paper by Ashworth and Page (2011). To do this, the paper examines the expansion of research endeavours in urban tourism in relation to these paradoxes, including the outputs in dedicated journals on city tourism along with the wider range of outputs generated since 2011 in social science. It also revisits the initial proposition set out regarding an imbalance in attention in urban tourism research (Ashworth 1989, 2003) and how this has been addressed through a broader development of thinking at the intersection of urbanism and tourism. It is a selective review of progress in the field, highlighting the challenges of deriving theory from western modes of analysis that need re-thinking in relation to the global south, notably Africa as well as developments in Asia and the Middle East.     

Domestic tourism as a development factor

Archer, Brian H., “Domestic Tourism as a Development Factor”, Annals of Tourism Research, Vol. V, No. 1, January/March 1978, pp. 126–141. Domestic tourism brings about an intermingling of people from diverse social and cultural backgrounds and also a considerable redistribution of spending power. Although this paper concentrates mainly upon the economic effects created by the growth of domestic tourism and is illustrated by reference to some recent case studies, attention is also drawn to the favorable and unfavorable political, social, cultural, moral, environmental and conservational aspects of domestic tourism. The paper concludes by discussing some ways in which domestic tourism can provide an impetus to further economic growth in the holiday regions and also how domestic tourism may assist in solving some of the problems facing a country's international tourism.     

旅游犯罪学:定义、领域、方法与意义

本文探讨了旅游犯罪学的基本理论问题。旅游犯罪学以旅游犯罪为研究对象，剖析旅游犯罪的形成原因、规律特点与防范对策，寻找预防和控制旅游犯罪的途径，以促进旅游业的可持续发展，旅游犯罪是发生在旅游过程中的犯罪现象的总和，包括旅游者犯罪、针对旅游者的犯罪和针对旅游资源环境的犯罪，具有流动性、区域性、季节性、周期性、影响放大性与延时性等特点。旅游犯罪的界定、分类、成因、规律、预防等问题是旅游犯罪学研究的主要内容。学科集成法、案例分析法、时空比较法是旅游犯罪学的常用研究方法。旅游犯罪学研究有助于旅游学科体系和旅游法规体系的完善，有助于旅游地和旅游业的可持续发展。     

旅游学科升格的理路探析

由于政府指令性学科专业目录的存在,旅游学科在中国的成长受到外在制度的束缚“,工商管理”一级学科下“旅游管理”二级学科的设置现状,对高等旅游教育和旅游业健康发展极为不利,遂有旅游学科升格之需。文章从“学科”意蕴的探讨入手,审视了学科专业目录规制的内在危机及其在旅游学科发展中的矛盾表现,借用学术性和实践性二维学科评价标准,分析说明了创建旅游管理一级学科的逻辑依据,并引入学科发展的一般逻辑和“好旅游”的基本框架,提出了旅游管理一级学科内部架构设计的三种基本模式。文章的主要观点是：在指令性学科专业目录尚不能彻底否定的前提下,允许并支持部分新兴学科升格,是政府优化学科管理制度的明智选择;创建旅游管理一级学科符合学术逻辑和社会需求逻辑,是旅游知识共同体当下的具体任务,意义不容小觑;遵从学理与应用相统一的逻辑,旅游管理一级学科的架构有对接本科专业目录设计、垂直设计和水平设计三种基本模式;推动旅游学科的升格,会引发学科基本命题的再思考,发挥带动学科内涵建设的作用。