中国货币政策与汇率政策的协调与替代

汇率政策和货币政策都会影响产出水平,但是政策的效果、时滞各不相同。本文通过理论研究表明,在政府福利最大化目标下,汇率政策和通货膨胀政策的相互替代取决于政府福利函数对两种政策的敏感程度和产出对两种政策的弹性。我们对中国的经验研究表明,货币政策对产出短期波动的影响要比汇率政策的影响大,时滞也要短。     

垂直专业化、技术变动与经济波动

本文在新开放经济宏观经济学框架下,研究垂直专业化的决定因素及经济波动效应。结论表明,垂直专业化的均衡程度与一国制成品部门的相对技术效率以及汇率管制程度正相关,而与该国中间品部门的相对技术效率负相关。当技术冲击来自制成品时,贸易成本和汇率管制会抑制本国经济的波动幅度;当技术冲击来自中间品部门时,二者不再单一地压制本国经济波动幅度。协动分析表明,汇率管制压低了比较优势冲击下垂直专业化与GDP等变量的协动程度,贸易成本则影响垂直专业化与GDP等变量的协动方向。在较高的贸易开放度和浮动汇率制度下,技术变动可能导致GDP和福利的反向变动。     

快速发展中寻求转型——2008年中国经济与金融形势分析

2008年，在世界经济稳中趋缓的背景下，在国内稳中偏紧的宏观调控政策下，我国经济发展有可能出现高位趋稳、小幅回落的态势。面对日益趋紧的资源环境压力，基于当前经济发展中存在的问题与矛盾，经济转型有望进入加速期。相应地，从紧的货币政策类型也将由“数量型”为主转型为“价格型”为主，汇率与利率政策将发挥更大的作用，金融体制改革继续推进。[编者按]     

中国经济逆势前行跃上新台阶

2020年是新中国历史上极不平凡的一年.面对错综复杂的国际形势、艰巨繁重的国内改革发展稳定任务特别是新冠肺炎疫情的严重冲击,在以习近平同志为核心的党中央坚强领导下,各地区各部门坚持稳中求进工作总基调,统筹疫情防控和经济社会发展工作,扎实做好"六稳"工作、全面落实"六保"任务,艰苦奋斗、顽强拼搏,交出了一份人民满意、世界...     

2020年宁波市服务业形势与2021年工作展望

一、2020年服务业运行情况分析2020年年初以来受新冠疫情影响,全市服务业发展受到较大冲击,一季度服务业经济出现负增长,之后随着“六稳”“六保”政策逐步落地显效以及疫情防控形势的继续好转,二季度开始服务业迅速回升并实现正增长,之后呈逐季向好趋势,尤其是三季度以来全市复工复产加速恢复,市场需求持续回暖,服务业总体加快复苏,主要指标持续回升’重点行业持续改善。     

人民币汇率波动对中国对外贸易收支的影响——基于贸易政策不确定性背景

近年来，随着中美贸易摩擦加剧以及新冠疫情持续蔓延，贸易政策不确定性呈现不断上升的趋势，有关贸易政策不确定性影响的研究也逐渐成为国内外的热门话题。基于此背景，通过向量自回归（VAR）模型考查人民币汇率波动对中国对外贸易收支的影响，得出结论：在短期内人民币汇率波动对中国对外贸易收支的影响较大，而从长期来看人民币汇率波动对中国对外贸易收支的影响较小，要想改善我国对外贸易状况，应加快构建新发展格局，同时逐步开放外汇市场管制，促进对外贸易多元化发展。     

技术进步促进经济增长和福利的机制研究——基于REDUX模型扩展后的实证分析

本文在"新开放经济宏观经济学"框架下,将技术进步要素引入生产过程中,分析其对生产、消费、闲暇、汇率等经济变量的冲击以及对各国国民福利的影响,并对技术进步带来的增长率、汇率和通货膨胀的变动作了实证分析。理论结果显示,黏性价格下的货币扩张性政策在短期内促进了消费和闲暇的增长,而在长期内使产出、消费、闲暇都有明显的增长,实证研究表明国内外的福利水平均有显著的提高。     

新冠疫情全球扩散对中国开放经济和世界经济的影响

在巩固新冠肺炎疫情防控成效的同时,中国经济在努力复工复产复市。因疫情防控导致境内外交通运输联系不同程度被阻断,商品运输成本提高、交货日期延长,中间品与劳动力供应不足,中国进出口贸易和国际直接投资增长面临很大压力。中国企业复工复产受到全球价值链运行态势影响,疫情全球扩散正在引发全球范围内经济结构、财政政策、货币政策、贸易政策调整。疫情在全球范围扩散,使企业经营压力上升,造成金融恐慌并引起全球经济深度衰退的可能性增加;为抗击疫情增加财政补贴和实施宽松货币政策,增加了各国财政负担,带来全球范围内的通货膨胀压力加大;部分国家试图借口疫情防控,发动新的贸易摩擦的可能性增加。     

货币财政“双松”:政策“底线”面临重新定义

疫情影响是外部性、短期性冲击,但是面对全球金融和经济的波动,中国经济在扩内需、保就业之外,将要面对更加严厉的考验:供需缺口的弥补不及时,就会让经济下行压力进一步加大。中国对经济增长目标可能会给出更为实际的考量标准,宏观政策也将重新梳理"底线思维",关注就业和企业生存。在积极的财政政策和稳健偏松的货币政策的"双松"政策之下,"新基建"会承担起投资引导功能,民生托底政策力度加大,房地产继续落实稳预期的长效管理调控机制,要素市场化配置体制机制再推进一程。据相关调查,包括投行、研究机构和政府部门的权威经济学家们得出结论,认为,货币财政"双松",政策"底线"面临重新定义。     

巨额外汇储备对货币政策的制约及对策

由于持续的国际收支双顺差以及人民币汇率改革的因素,我国的外汇储备超常增长,已经跃居世界第一。但巨额的外汇储备对我国货币政策的制定和执行带来一定的制约和困扰,使本、外币政策的独立性受到冲击,因此,我国应改革和创新政策及市场体系,以缓解外汇储备对货币政策冲击及制约。     

Can exchange rate rules be better than interest rate rules?

We develop a New Keynesian small open economy model to compare the welfare performances of two classes of monetary policy rules: exchange rate rules and interest rate rules. The expected lifetime utility of the representative household is used as the welfare criterion. The model is solved using second-order approximation methods. We find that under benchmark parameterization, an exchange rate rule delivers lower standard deviations of GDP and inflation compared to an interest rate rule, when the economy has a high degree of openness. However, despite that, an exchange rate rule is welfare inferior to an interest rate rule since it delivers lower mean terms of trade, which leads to lower mean consumption and higher mean labor hours. On the other hand, when the elasticity of substitution for export is high, an exchange rate rule is welfare superior to an interest rate rule, regardless of the degree of openness, as the differences in mean terms of trade for the two classes of rules become smaller.     

Deciding to Peg the Exchange Rate in Developing Countries: The Role of Private-Sector Debt

We argue that a higher share of the private sector in a country’s external debt raises the incentive to stabilize the exchange rate. We present a simple model in which exchange rate volatility does not affect agents’ welfare if all the debt is incurred by the government. Once we introduce private banks who borrow in foreign currency and lend to domestic firms, the monetary authority has an incentive to dampen the distributional consequences of exchange rate fluctuations. Our empirical results support the hypothesis that not only the level, but also the composition of foreign debt matters for exchange-rate policy.     

贸易摩擦背景下关税与货币政策反制策略研究

通过将贸易品美元定价约束、外汇噪声交易和关税反制等特征融入两国DSGE模型,文章对贸易摩擦背景下美国进口关税冲击的传导渠道以及中国的关税反制策略与货币应对政策有效性等问题进行了数值分析。研究发现,关税反制措施能够有效地对冲美国加征进口关税对中国实际产出、消费和净出口的消极影响,并有助于抑制人民币实际汇率贬值。若进一步搭配将出口品关税纳入利率调控框架的积极货币政策,对于经济扩张与保持汇率稳定都更加有效。但从长期社会福利角度看,积极货币政策对美国经济也具有明显的正向溢出作用,关税反制则会产生显著的福利转移效应,不采取任何关税与货币应对政策将使中国遭受最大的福利损失。因此,基于"打击最大化、自损最小化"原则,中国应对美国采取坚决有力的关税反击,同时保持货币政策相对中性、克制,以期实现"以战促和"的战略目标。     

China＇s Exchange Rate and Financial Repression： The Conflicted Emergence of the RMB as an International Currency

Instability in the worm dollar standard, as most recently manifested in the US Federal Reserve＇s near-zero interest rate policy, has caused consternation in emerging markets with naturally higher interest rates. China has been provoked into speeding RMB ＂internationalization ＂; that is, opening up domestic financial markets to reduce its dependence on the US dollar for invoicing trade and making international payments. However, despite rapid percentage growth in offshore financial markets in RMB, the Chinese authorities are essentially trapped into maintaining exchange controls （reinforced by financial repression in domestic interest rates） to avoid an avalanche of foreign capital inflows that would threaten inflation and asset price bubbles by driving nominal interest rates on RMB assets down further. Because a floating （appreciating） exchange rate could attract even more hot money inflows, the People＇s Bank of China should focus on keeping the yuan/dollar rate stable so as to encourage naturally high wage increases to help balance China ＂s international competitiveness. However, further internationalization of the RMB, as with the proposed Shanghai pilot free trade zone, is best deferred until world interest rates rise to more normal levels.     

中美贸易摩擦与我国企业外债融资成本

本文利用 2010 年 1 月至 2020 年 6 月我国企业外债数据和中美贸易摩擦相关数据，实证分析了中美贸易摩擦对我国企业外债融资成本的影响机制。研究发现，中美贸易摩擦会显著增加我国企业外债的发行利率，但对外债的额度和期限均不存在显著性影响。中美贸易摩擦发生后，我国企业外债的发行利率约增加 1.276%。在进行安慰剂检验、以及考虑发债企业信用评级、贸易摩擦影响的时滞性、中美加征关税税额等因素的影响下，该结论仍然成立。进一步研究发现，中美贸易摩擦会通过避险情绪、汇率波动和关税成本等渠道影响我国企业外债融资成本。最后，文章就中美贸易摩擦下完善外债风险管理、降低企业跨境融资成本提出政策建议。     

The External Debt Situation in Indonesia: Performance and Prospects

In interviews with bankers, government economists and academic observers, most of them attributed the absence of an Indonesian debt crisis during 1982–84 to the fact that a significant portion of external public debt, an average of 37 percent, was long-term concessionary loans from foreign governments and international agencies. Our analysis challenges this conventional explanation. We show that if Indonesia (1) had paid the same effective interest rate as Mexico, (2) had the same maturity structure as Mexican debt, and (3) had the same export-GNP ratio as Mexico, then its average 1980–82 total debt service-export ratio would have been 84.4% instead of the actual 30.1%. Our decomposition shows that concessional interest rates account for 5.8 percentage points of the gap, maturity structure for 17.7 percentage points and export orientation for 30.8 percentage points.
We have concluded that the major cause for the favorable 1982–84 outcome is competent management of the exchange rate. The absence of protracted exchange rate overvaluation from 1979 onward was fundamental in maintaining a strong nonoil tradeable sector. The nonoil tradeable sector was able to earn enough foreign exchange to service Indonesian debts when the external shock of high interest rates increased debt service payments and the recession in industrialized countries lowered the price of oil. The absence of extended exchange rate overvaluation also kept the external debt down and the maturity structure on the long side by not encouraging capital flight. We ascribe this use of the exchange rate to protect the tradeable sector as much to the existence of an influential political constituency consisting of neoclassical economists, Javanese peasants and Outer Island residents as to balance-of-payments considerations.
We recommend an aggressive exchange rate policy and two sets of supplementary measures to reduce the probability of a debt crisis in the medium run.     

The Resources Allocation Effects of Indonesia's Financial Repression in the 1974–1983 Period

We found that the selective credit policy of the 1974-83 period benefitted the Indonesian economy in a way unanticipated by the protagonists in the financial repression debate. The selective credit policy by favoring the manufacturing and trade sectors reduced their decimation by the overvalued exchange rate created by expansionary macroeconomic policies. The existence of a sizeable tradeable sector when the negative balance of payments shocks hit after 1981 enabled Indonesia to earn enough foreign exchange to service its external debts and thus avoid the type of prolonged economic crisis experienced by Latin America. (It must be stressed that the selective credit policy constituted only one of the policy actions that preserved the economic viability of the tradeable sector.) Since the selective credit policy was not undertaken with the expectation of negative balance of payments shocks in 1980s, its beneficial effects on economic development were entirely fortuitous.     

Inflationary shocks and real output growth in nine Muslim-majority countries: Implications for Islamic banking and finance

Low and stable inflation is important for maintaining the viability of Islamic banking and finance within a dual banking system. Inflationary shocks when transmitted to real output growth cause a shift of investment to fixed return products as a hedge against the uncertainty of returns on equity investment under Islamic profit-loss sharing contracts. This study examines the transmission of inflationary shocks to the real economy for nine Muslim-majority countries (Bahrain, Bangladesh, Egypt, Indonesia, Iran, Malaysia, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, and Turkey) that have introduced Islamic banking, all except Iran within dual-banking systems. A structural vector autoregressive (SVAR) framework is deployed to understand macroeconomic relationships using annual data from the late 1970s to 2014. The key finding is that inflationary shocks affect real interest and exchange rates which in turn impact real output growth. The paper argues that the absorption of inflationary shocks in real interest and exchange rates is the outcome of rigidities in nominal interest and exchange rates within repressed financial systems. Policy regimes that allow for greater adjustment in nominal interest and exchange rates under a deregulated financial system would offer better shock absorption capacity which would lead to less volatility in inflation, real interest and exchange rates, and real output growth. The resulting more stable macroeconomic environment would be more conducive to the development of an Islamic financial sector that would promote economic growth.     

Commodity prices and the macroeconomy: An extended dependent economy approach

This paper proposes a straightforward model for analysing the impact of export commodity price fluctuations on open macroeconomies with particular reference to Australia and New Zealand, major commodity exporters in the Asian region. It extends the dependent economy approach, first by re-specifying goods and services production as either exportable, importable or non-tradable, and second by adding a monetary sector to highlight key linkages between commodity prices, the exchange rate, price level, national output and trade account. The framework sheds new light on the phenomenon of ‘commodity currencies’, how exchange rate movements shield national output from terms of trade shocks, the importance of economic openness in this process, and the significance for monetary and exchange rate policy of short term, versus sustained, commodity price movements.     

Foreign capital,welfare and urban unemployment in the presence of agricultural dualism

In a two sector mobile capital Harris–Todaro model, such as [Corden, W.M., Findlay, R., 1975. Urban unemployment, intersectoral capital mobility, and development policy in a dual economy. Economica 42, 59–78], an inflow of foreign capital in the presence of protectionist policy is welfare deteriorating as well as unemployment accentuating. But, the developing countries have chosen liberalized investment and trade policies as their development strategies and have been able to attract a considerable amount of foreign capital during the last two decades. A relevant question is why these countries are yearning for foreign capital given its detrimental effects as predicted by the conventional theoretical literature on trade and development. This paper makes an attempt to address the above issue in terms of a three sector Harris–Todaro model with agricultural dualism and a non-traded final commodity. In the given setup, an inflow of foreign capital is likely to improve welfare and does not necessarily worsen the problem of unemployment. The paper may also be useful to explain as to why many of the developing economies have experienced ‘jobless growth’ in the liberalized regime.