我国小额信贷可持续发展的对策思考

小额信贷可持续发展不仅有利于小额信贷机构自身的生存发展，而且有利于完善农村金融市场、促进贫困地区经济发展以及帮助贫困人口脱贫。中国小额信贷经过十几年发展，在反贫困和发展农村金融等方面取得了一定的成效，但仍存在很多制约小额信贷可持续发展的因素。需要从完善小额信贷载体，建立多元化的小额信贷资金投入机制，降低小额信贷组织的财务成本，加强小额信贷发展的配套设施建设等，促进小额信贷的可持续发展。     

小额信贷发展中的问题及对策分析

本文介绍了小额信贷及其在国内外的发展概况。指出当前小额信贷发展中存在的问题：风险性、可持续夏展能力不足、缺乏资金投入和非政府小额信贷举步维艰等。并提出了相应的对策：加强对小额信贷的风险防范：创新小额信贷模式，增强可持续发展能力；多渠道筹措资金；针对非政府小额信贷存在的问题，提出了具体的解决思路和两种模式等。     

我国小额信贷发展存在的问题及对策

小额信贷在我国具有广阔的发展前景，对于创建和谐社会具有积极的促进作用。本文概述了世界小额信贷模式的理论基础、发展模式和实施特点，阐述了我国小额信贷发展的历史、现状及存在的问题，给出了降低信贷成本的建议。     

浅谈我国农村小额信贷存在的问题和对策

信贷作为一种新型的金融工具，能够为贫困人群提供有效的金融服务，近些年在世界各国得到了迅速的发展，在反贫困方面发挥了重要作用。自从上世纪90年代小额信贷引入我国以来得到了不断的发展，但与国外小额信贷的发展相比，我国农村小额信贷发展仍比较缓慢，存在规模小、不稳定和缺少可持续发展能力等问题，与现阶段农村经济发展需求不相适应。因此，研究我国农村小额信贷的发展问题具有重要的现实意义。     

论农村小额信贷对农民脱贫致富的作用

长期以来，我国农村小额信贷发展缓慢，融资难问题严重阻碍着农民脱贫致富的进程，成为建设社会主义新农村的瓶颈。发展农村小额信贷符合我国国情，是帮助农民脱贫致富的有效方式，必须积极采取措施，通过建立支农信贷投放约束与激励机制，大力培育新型农村小额信贷机构，提高政府扶贫资金使用效率，营造农村小额信贷健康发展的信用环境。以促进农村小额信贷的发展。     

我国小额信贷可持续发展的对策思考

小额信贷可持续发展不仅有利于小额信贷机构自身的生存发展,而且有利于完善农村金融市场、促进贫困地区经济发展以及帮助贫困人口脱贫.中国小额信贷经过十几年发展,在反贫困和发展农村金融等方面取得了一定的成效,但仍存在很多制约小额信贷可持续发展的因素.需要从完善小额信贷载体,建立多元化的小额信贷资金投入机制,降低小额信贷组织的财务成本,加强小额信贷发展的配套设施建设等,促进小额信贷的可持续发展.     

我国小额信贷的实践和政策思考──访中国社科院贫困问题研究中心副主任、农村发展研究所副所长杜晓山

“小额信贷”（Ｍｉｃｒｏｆｉｎａｎｃｅ）是指专向低收入阶层提供小额度的持续的信贷服务活动。经过２０多年的实践，特别是近１０年有意义的发展，小额信贷已经出现从世界的某些区域扩展到几乎覆盖整个发展中世界和不少发达国家，从试点、效仿试点发展到建立在适应本地条件和需求基础上的不同规模和深度进行推广的趋势。尽管如此，规范和成功的小额信贷的历史还不长，在国际社会尚是一件新生事物，面临着各种各样的风险和挑战。在我国，小额信贷的生命力已经初步显现，不同类型的小额信贷项目也面临着各自的问题。 近日，记者就农村小额信贷的有关问题采访了社会科学院贫困问题研究中心副主任、农村发展研究所副所长、研究员杜晓山（以下简称“杜”）。他专门从事农村发展、扶贫和小额信贷的研究，出版有《农村小额信贷：扶贫攻坚成功之路》等著作，下面是这次采访的部分内容。     

小额信贷发展的国际经验

小额信贷是金融服务向贫困人口的扩展，是一种金融服务的创新。各国纷纷对小额信贷机构进行改造，小额信贷向全面化的金融服务方向发展，不仅提供小额贷款，还提供现金提取、储蓄、保险、养老和抚恤以及汇款等多种金融服务。新模式的小额信贷的服务对象仍然是低收入阶层，但覆盖所有城市和农村的低收入阶层。很多国家开始尝试通过商业银行提供小额信贷。目前，各国不同小额信贷的运作方式及发展路径具有差异性。     

我国小额信贷可持续发展探析

从上世纪70年代，小额信贷开始出现，逐渐改变了扶贫方式，通过给穷人发放小额贷款，发挥金融的激励约束机制，调动穷人的积极性，以财政转移支付和金融创新的有机结合，实现对穷人的救助。小额信贷是指为低收入人群提供的，额度较小的，以改善贫困，促进发展为基本宗旨的信贷服务。它以不同于正规金融机构的风险管理技巧，为那些被排斥在金融体系之外的客户提供小额度的金融服务。小额信贷是金融服务向贫困人口的扩展，是一种金融服务的创新。很快，小额信贷受到了发展中国家的热烈欢迎，并很快推广到亚洲、非洲和拉丁美洲的许多国家。中国小额信贷发展的历史很短，但是在短短十几年的时间内就得到迅速发展，许多专家学者长期专注于中国小额信贷的研究和实践。     

我国农村小额信贷发展路径探析

本文从我国农村小额信贷发展现状出发,首先对我国农村小额信贷机构类型、贷款对象和实践效果进行分析,然后指出小额信贷发展在我国陷入困境,提出了我国小额信贷在产权治理、法律监管、持续经营等方面存在的问题,最后从产品创新、设立小额信贷保险及建立农村信用评级制度提出了建议,进一步完善和发展我国农村小额信贷体系。     

THE SHORT-TERM POVERTY IMPACT OF SMALL-SCALE,COLLATERAL-FREE MICROCREDIT IN INDONESIA: A MATCHING ESTIMATOR APPROACH

Indonesian microfinance is primarily operated by for-profit commercial banks, characterized by large-scale loans that require collateral. In 2003, the largest nongovernmental organization in the country introduced much smaller-scale loans without a collateral requirement. This scheme is commercialized but potentially more suited to the credit demands of the poor. Applying propensity score matching with the difference-in-difference method, this paper examines whether the emerging microcredit scheme has been successful in targeting and improving the welfare of the poor in the one year following loan disbursement. The results show that although collateral ownership is not an important determinant of participation, relatively wealthier families gain access to microcredit. The impact of microcredit on various household outcomes is generally statistically insignificant, except for sales of nonfarm enterprises for the nonpoor and schooling expenditures for the poor. This implies that the microcredit scheme under study might not have an immediate impact on poverty alleviation.     

Formal and informal rural credit in the Mekong River Delta of Vietnam: Interaction and accessibility

This paper examines the factors influencing rural households’ access to credit in the Vietnamese market. Analysis confirms an interaction effect between informal and formal credit sectors in which informal credit positively influences accessibility to microcredit programs. Ignoring this interaction effect may lead to microcredit providers making loan decisions that are less than optimal. In the formal credit sector, the lowest income group faces more credit rationing than other groups, despite the fact that microcredit programs are designed to target households at the bottom of the income pyramid. Results demonstrate that land holding status, informal interest, and informal loan duration are important factors influencing access to informal credit. Factors influencing microcredit accessibility include local government employee status, credit group membership, a “poor” certificate, educational attainment, working skills and village road access. To reduce reliance on informal credit and improve microcredit accessibility, rural households should actively participate in a microcredit group.     

Accessibility to microcredit by Chinese rural households

This paper examines the factors influencing the accessibility of microcredit by rural households in China. The empirical analysis utilises logistic regression, with data collected through a household survey carried out in one province in China. A total of twelve household-level factors are identified as determinants in households’ access to microcredit, including educational level, household size, income, among others. In addition to these, results indicate that rural households’ accessibility to microcredit can also be impaired by the supply-side factors (e.g., interest rates, loan processing time). The empirical analysis establishes a positive relationship between households’ credit demand and access to credit. The paper thus concludes that households should be encouraged to raise capital requirements (for example, create investment opportunities in on/off farm activities) to increase their demand for credit, which can enhance their access to microcredit. In addition, microcredit institutions (such as the Rural Credit Cooperatives) should improve their lending schemes and micro loan products to better suit the diversified needs of the rural population.     

现代金融体系视角下的民间借贷市场规范化探索

由于正规金融的缺位与民间借贷自身融资优势的显现,民间借贷市场越来越成为现代金融体系不可或缺的一个组成部分。本文对当前民间借贷市场中存在的问题进行了分析,并提出了规范其发展的相关对策,同时对小额贷款公司等新型的民间借贷形式的规范化问题提出建议。     

Microcredit in Prefamine Ireland

Hundreds of independent, local, quasi-charitable microcredit societies, or “loan funds,” were lending to as many as 20% of Irish households in the mid-19th century. Their goal was to relieve poverty by providing credit to the “industrious poor” at competitive interest rates without public funding. They successfully mitigated informational, moral hazard, and enforcement problems, and operated at a surplus in a market where intermediation by the banks seems not to have been profitable. Loan fund activity offers new insights into capital formation in the 19th-century Irish economy and challenges traditional notions regarding the economic activities of the Irish poor. They are also relevant for economists studying current microcredit initiatives.     

对于我国农户小额信贷问题的探讨

农户小额信贷被引进中国,其目的是解决中国的贫困人口问题,增加贫困人口的收入。大力推广农户小额信贷是促进农村经济发展的需要,但是在其推广过程中,由于多种原因致使农户小额信贷发放存在诸多问题。本论文针对这些问题逐条提出解决方案,尽一切努力减少农户小额信贷潜在的风险。     

印度小额贷款危机成因分析及对中国的启示

近年来,小额贷款在印度等发展中国家获得快速的发展,同时也引发了一些问题。本文在介绍小额贷款和印度小额贷款危机的基础上,重点分析印度小额贷款危机成因,并提出印度小额贷款危机对中国小额贷款业健康发展的启示。     

Does microcredit reduce the gender gap in employment? Evidence from Egypt

In Egypt, there is a remarkable gap between men's and women's participation in the labour market. In this study, we examine the impact of microcredit on the labour supply of men and women and subsequently investigate whether microcredit can reduce the employment gap between men and women in Egypt. We find a negative effect of microcredit on men's employment, but a positive effect on the employment of women. Borrowing from a microcredit source increases the probability of women working by 8.5 percentage points and mainly affects self‐employed work. We also find a positive effect of microcredit on work in small businesses. This finding suggests that women can use microcredit to open small shops or household businesses. Finally, using decomposition analysis, we find that microcredit reduces the overall employment gap between men and women by 0.743%.     

农村信用社小额信贷发展对策研究——以云南省为例

云南省农村信用社小额信贷经过十几年的实践发展,在实现农民增收、改善农村经济现状方面作出了重要贡献。但是由于云南省农村金融体制的制约,导致农信社和小额信贷的融合出现诸多问题,严重影响到小额信贷具体实施的效果,从而对农信社小额信贷的可持续发展构成威胁。因此,本文基于农信社、小额信贷机制、农户三个角度来全面探讨影响其发展的不利因素,试图寻求促使农信社小额信贷合理健康发展的有效对策。     

Does productive microcredit improve rural children's education? Evidence from rural Vietnam

Whether increasing access to microcredit results in better educational outcomes for children’s education in rural areas remains an important but inconclusive topic in development literature. This paper contributes to this strand of research both theoretically and empirically. We develop a theoretical model where a representative household uses microcredit to fund its family business and maximises its lifetime utility. Based on the outcomes of its business, the parents make an optimal decision on the level of their children’s schooling investment. Solving the maximisation problem, we show that a household’s optimal education for its children is directly related to the level of microcredit. Empirically, we utilise the Vietnam Access to Resources Household Survey (VARHS) dataset from 2008 to 2016 to estimate the impact of microcredit on rural children’s schooling. We find that microcredit borrowing by rural households negatively affects their children’s education, which is more profound for boys than girls. Policymakers need to be aware of such side effects in designing microcredit policy and adopt auxiliary measures, such as incorporating a clause on children's education in the borrowing terms, to alleviate the negative impact on children’s educational outcomes.