矿产资源叠置区综合勘查开发对策建议——以鄂尔多斯市为例

在深入研究鄂尔多斯市矿产资源赋存特点与勘查开发利用现状的基础上,剖析了影响综合勘查开发的问题,主要有:矿业权设置平面上交叉重叠,作业主体相互制约;勘查程度参差不齐,开发时序缺乏科学规划与落实;行业垄断严重,地质资料共享难;叠置资源综合勘查开发缺乏顶层设计,相关技术、规范尚不完善。对策建议:(1)打破行业垄断,清理现有矿业权,打开矿产资源综合勘查开发新空间;(2)整合作业主体、地方注册,创建矿产资源综合勘查开发新模式;(3)创新驱动,科技引领,支撑矿产资源综合勘查开发新局面;(4)分区施策,示范引领,保障矿产资源安全与高效利用;(5)创新体制机制,协调综合勘查开发新局面。     

中国地勘行业管理体制创新

地勘行业发展离不开高效的管理体制,基于中国地勘行业管理现状和存在的问题,参照国外成熟的行业发展规范,应做好以下基础性工作:(1)组织制定地质勘查政策;(2)尽快调整行业管理与运营机制;(3)规范完善地质勘查技术、行业标准;(4)建立统一的地质勘查行业统计与信息服务制度;(5)发展行业协会;(6)建立应急机制.同时,要实现地勘行业管理体制的有效性,还必须做好几个方面工作:(1)注重产业发展研究,做好行业规划;(2)建立和完善地勘行业市场;(3)提高行业整体科学技术水平;(4)保障地勘投入,强化科学管理;(5)培育信息市场,重视信息化建设.     

勘查区块退出制度演变和完善建议

为有效抑制"圈而不探"和炒作矿业权行为,在探矿权管理方面,自然资源管理部门探索建立并不断完善勘查区块退出制度,提出了同阶段延续缩减面积的管理制度。文章重点梳理了探矿权勘查区块退出制度的演变,分析其实施效果和存在的问题,并提出政策建议:严格提高勘查阶段审批,进一步严格制度执行;提高探矿权最低勘查投入标准,保障各勘查阶段基础工作完成;明确矿业权占用费征收标准,防范探矿权"圈而不探"行为。     

我国矿业权评估业存在的问题及对策

随着我国矿业权流转制度的确立,矿业权评估业在矿业权流转中起到了很重要的作用,但矿业权评估业在自身发展的同时,也存在着行业管理体制不顺,法制建设滞后,执业队伍整体素质不高,执业行为不规范,风险责任意识淡薄,评估理论和方法不完善等问题。为促进我国矿业权评估业的健康发展,应建立责任追究机制;建立行业法规、准则体系;建立后续教育培训体系、进退有序的自律管理制度、风险基金和执业保险机制;制定评估准则体系。     

矿业权的合同管理

矿业权管理是矿产资源行政管理的核心内容。就矿业权本身而言,包含行政关系和民事关系两种法律关系,结合行政合同的行政性和合同性两大特点,可以考虑引入合同管理的方式来进行矿业权管理。用合同的手段规范矿业权管理,不仅有利于繁荣勘查业,进一步规范我国的地质勘查管理工作,而且还会为地勘单位创造公平的竞争环境,有利于建立"统一、竞争、有序、开放"的矿业权市场。     

推动自然保护地内矿业权分类管理的思考

新发展阶段对统筹协调维护生态安全和保障战略性资源安全提出了新要求,亟待探寻矿业高质量发展与生态高水平保护的互促共赢之路。文章分析了自然保护地与矿业权空间重叠、保护区内矿业权退出面临补偿资金难落实和补偿标准不统一等问题,阐述了发达经济体和国际组织主要矿业大国自然保护区内矿业权政策演变和管理经验。基于我国矿业活动与自然保护地管理的现实矛盾,借鉴国际相关经验提出相关建议:(1)加快出台自然保护地内矿业权分类处置的指导意见;(2)有序推进自然保护地内矿业权分类退出;(3)允许自然保护地一般控制区有条件开展战略性矿产勘查开发;(4)以完善绿色勘探标准和绿色矿山建设规范为引领推动矿业高质量发展。     

基于矿产资源空间重叠特点的矿业权管理研究

空间重叠是矿产资源赋存的主要特性之一,是优化矿业权管理需要充分考虑的重要内容。文章通过分析矿业权管理中涉及矿产资源空间重叠的有关内容,提出优化管理需要把握的原则,并结合近期实地调研取得的认识提出建议:一是依托国土空间规划体系进行矿产资源勘查开采布局;二是优化相关政策法规,进一步鼓励和引导综合勘查开采;三是尊重矿产勘查开采客观规律,适当放宽矿业权重叠设置情形;四是完善互不干扰协议签订规范,强化第三方协调机制作用。     

江西省煤层气开发利用存在的问题及建议

江西省煤层气（煤矿瓦斯）开发利用中存在如下问题：基础研究工作薄弱,研究不够深入;地质条件复杂,开发难度大;煤层气资源估算值偏低;矿业权设置不合理;瓦斯利用困难;政策与制度不完善。江西省煤层气（瓦斯）开发利用建议：加强基础地质研究,加大经济投入;加强政策引导,调动瓦斯勘探开发的积极性;完善煤层气（瓦斯）配套人员与设施;加强矿业权管理,合理划分矿业权。     

我国矿业权设置编审情况

我国矿业权设置方案制度推进的最新主要成果：（1）2011年和2012年分两批划定的78片整装勘查区矿业权设置方案编制报批工作全部完成,数据资料纳入国土资源综合信息监管平台,实现上图入库和信息化管理,矿业权投放潜力基本明晰。（2）煤炭矿业权设置方案制度已在我国主要煤炭资源省份全面实施。我国新设煤炭矿业权全面实现以方案为依据,夯实了煤炭资源管理的基础。（3）整装勘查区和煤炭以外矿业权设置方案编审进度明显加快。对部分急需建设的矿山,部矿业权配号系统开通“快速通道”,高效投放矿业权,为地方经济社会发展提供服务支撑。矿业权设置方案在落实矿产资源规划、健全勘查开采合理布局长效机制、助推找矿突破战略行动、促进管理方式转变、支撑矿业权审批制度改革等方面已取得积极成效。     

浅谈地勘单位的矿业权管理及维护

矿业权对地勘单位生存和发展非常重要。地勘单位对矿业权的管理和维护现状并不乐观,主要存在以下问题：一是矿业秩序尚未根本好转,矿业权人合法权益缺乏保障;二是矿业权使用制度不尽完善,地方政府难操作;三是矿业权出让流转制度不健全,弊端较多;四是地勘单位经济基础脆弱、人才缺乏、装备落后,不利于矿业权的管理和维护。加强地勘单位矿业权管理及维护的对策：一是加强人才资源开发力度,提高技术队伍素质;二是用好现有法律法规、积极争取国家政策支持;三是抢抓全球金融危机之机遇,回收矿业权;四是加强矿业权的综合研究,加大勘查投入,实行专人管理,加强与地方政府和行业管理部门的联系;五是重视区块整合,树立大地质观。     

Price transmission between products at different stages of manufacturing in forest industries

The theory of demand and supply implies a positive relationship, or “price transmission” between the prices of products at different stages of manufacturing. This relationship was investigated with quarterly prices of softwood stumpage in the US South, and national prices of forest products, from 1977 to 2002. All prices, net of inflation, were found to be nonstationary and there was no evidence of co-integration between prices. Vector autogressive models, augmented by Granger causality tests and multiplier analysis showed that there was a one-to-one permanent positive response of the southern sawtimber stumpage price to a permanent change in the national lumber price. There was also a one-third permanent positive response of the national paper price to a permanent change in the national pulp price. There was no relation between regional pulpwood prices and national pulp or paper prices. When price transmission was significant, the full adjustment took about 2 years.     

Application of an ecosystem function framework to perceptions of community woodlands

Owners, local residents, government, and conservation organisations can express divergent preferences in the development and management of local woodlands. The perceptions of these four groups were examined, in the context of three community woodlands in Eastern England, using an ecosystem function framework. In a pilot study, residents were able to allocate a relative importance to woodland ecosystem services which were then related to “regulation”, “habitat”, and “production” or “information” functions. However residents also placed importance on negative services or “dis-services” associated with the woodland ecosystem. Therefore a fifth category of “dis-services” was included in the main survey which included 84 local residents, three woodland owners, three government institutions, and six representatives from conservation groups. Each of the four groups placed greatest importance on services associated with habitat (16–39% of the total importance) and information (30–50%) functions suggesting, in this example, mutual interest in the use of woodlands as a habitat or recreational resource. By contrast a potential area of difference was the particularly high importance placed by one owner on dis-services such as fly tipping. In addition the woodland owners placed higher importance (10–20%), than local residents and conservation groups (7–9%), on the productive services of the wood. This suggests a need for communication when production-related operations affect recreation. The ecosystem function framework appears to be a useful approach for highlighting potential tensions and areas of mutual interest in the management of semi-natural ecosystems.     

In Vino ‘No’ Veritas: impacts of fraud on wine imports in China

China is one of the largest wine importing countries in the world and is poised for continued import growth in the future. Increased wine purchases throughout China have given rise to persistent fraud where fake wines are packaged and sold with counterfeit contents and labels. For exporting countries like France, counterfeit wines displace market share, damage foreign brand reputation, and cause distrust in consumers who are aware of counterfeiting problems throughout the country. We examine the impact of fraudulent wine events (as measured by negative media reports) on Chinese wine demand differentiated by supplying country. We employ the Rotterdam demand system and a switching regression procedure to estimate import demand and compare results across different media variable specifications. Results consistently show that negative reports disproportionately affect French wine regardless of how the media variable is specified. This is not surprising because most fraudulent events involve French wine counterfeits.     

An evaluation framework for earthquake-responsive land administration

In recent years earthquakes and their secondary hazards have claimed the largest number of lives of all large natural disasters. Some of the world’s most earthquake-prone zones are also areas of high population density. The impact is magnified by vulnerability factors including non-enforcement of building codes, knowledge gaps, urban poverty and poor governance capacity to manage and reduce earthquake risks. Poor security of land tenure and property rights increases the vulnerability of people and affects their ability to respond to natural disasters.Earthquake recovery and reconstruction provides very significant challenges for land agencies, with these challenges differing from one country to the next due to differences in the local context. Drawing on contrasting case studies in Haiti, Nepal and New Zealand this paper identifies the common post-earthquake land administration functions and challenges that may apply to many contexts. These lessons provide land agencies and other key stakeholders with a summary of the challenges an earthquake poses for land administration at different post-disaster stages. We also discuss the policy and regulatory, institutional, operational and preparedness lessons for land administration. From these lessons we propose a framework for evaluating the earthquake-responsiveness of a land administration system. This framework can be used by a land agency in an earthquake prone region, or where an earthquake has recently occurred, to assess what challenges to land administration might occur in the event of an earthquake, and the preparedness of their land administration system.     

Agrarian Poverty,Nutrition and Economic Class – A Study of Gujarat,India

This paper analyses poverty and calorific undernourishment in the Indian state of Gujarat, where high and market‐led industrial growth has resulted in rapid economic improvement. The study is carried out through a combination of secondary and survey‐based data. We conclude that the neoliberal agenda of uncontrolled, outward‐looking growth has not resulted in significant reduction of poverty or malnourishment in rural areas. Furthermore, while land ownership is officially used as a proxy for wealth distribution, class position appears a better predictor of poverty status in the rural areas than landownership per se. At the policy level, there is a need to revive the agrarian economy and create new non‐agricultural assets, and the primary focus in the state must shift to the distribution of created assets rather than a single‐minded focus on growth.     

Does sustainable agricultural growth require a system of innovation? Evidence from Ghana and Burkina Faso

This paper tests the ‘systems of innovation’ hypothesis for a selection of crops in Ghana and Burkina Faso that have shown significant growth in production over an approximately 20-year period. The question is whether such growth can only occur if supported by a system of innovation. Using two indicators (a common understanding on objectives and priorities, and a high level of interactivity), we find little evidence for the existence of anything that might be considered a high functioning system of innovation.     

Local impacts of industrial tree plantations: An empirical analysis in Indonesia across plantation types

The values ascribed to industrial tree plantations are often controversial. Hence knowledge of their perceived impacts is important for improving their integration in rural landscapes. In 2016 we conducted household surveys with 606 respondents living in villages adjacent to acacia, teak and pine plantations across three islands in Indonesia (Java, Borneo, Sumatra). Results show that perceptions toward pine and teak plantations tend to differ from those toward acacia pulpwood plantations in several ways. Pine and teak plantations are perceived to have a higher number and variety of benefits and services, a higher number of positive impacts, a better environmental record, and to present more opportunities to local people for use of plantation land and products for improving rural livelihoods. In addition, we find that villagers around acacia pulpwood plantations tend to seek economic development and infrastructure to open up remote areas, yet their expectations were often only partially met. Recommendations from our analysis include: the role of the State in plantations must be clarified and potentially reinforced; the role of institutions as intermediaries is fundamental; and contributions by communities to design of management plans should be accommodated.     

Upstream demand for water use by new tree plantations imposes externalities on downstream irrigated agriculture and wetlands*

Large‐scale tree plantations in high rainfall upstream areas can reduce fresh water inflows to river systems, thereby imposing external costs on downstream irrigation, stock and domestic water users and wetland interests. We take the novel approach of expressing all benefits and costs of establishing plantations in terms of $ per gigalitre (GL) of water removed annually from river flows, setting upstream demands on the same basis as downstream demands. For the Macquarie Valley, a New South Wales sub‐catchment of Australia’s Murray‐Darling Basin, we project changes in land and water use and changes in economic surpluses under two policy settings: without and with a policy requiring permanent water entitlements to be purchased from downstream parties, before plantation establishment. Without the policy, and given a high stumpage value for trees ($70/m³), upstream gains in economic surplus projected from expanding plantations are $639 million; balanced against $233 million in economic losses by downstream irrigators and stock and domestic water users for a net gain of $406 million, but 345 GL lower mean annual environmental flows. With the policy, smaller gains in upstream economic surplus from trees ($192 million), added to net downstream gains ($138 million) from sale of water, result in gains of $330 million with no reduction in environmental flows. Sustaining the 345 GL flow for a $76 million (406–330) reduction in gains to economic surplus may be seen to cost only $0.22 million/GL; but this is much lower than the market value of the first units of that water to agriculture and forestry.     

Underpayment of Small Producers of Coffee and Cocoa in Sierra Leone

Fieldwork shows that many Sierra Leonean producers do not receive the official producer price for their coffee and cocoa, due to the concentration of buying stations, credit relations, the small quantities offered for sale, and the lack of marketing knowledge of the numerous and unorganized farmers. To the traders underpayment may seem economically justifiable to a certain extent, but to the farmers it means poverty and debt. A new village marketing centre project aims at remedying this situation and has already led to higher prices. Although no longer allowed to take their "just" share from the producers, traders are still willing to deal with the new centres.     

Malaria incidence and agricultural efficiency in Uganda

The cost of accessing healthcare can be a major determinant of disease prevalence, which in turn has short‐ and long‐term welfare implications on poor households. In response, governments in developing countries often resort to subsidizing the cost of drugs, which, while perhaps easier to administer, may not always be the most effective way of addressing healthcare cost. In this regard, we analyze the impact of different types of household level health expenses on disease incidence and agricultural production efficiency. We use data from the 2006 Uganda National Household Survey, which covered approximately 7,400 households. The results suggest that a 10% increase in consultation, medicine, and hospitalization expenses would reduce malaria incidence respectively by 35.6%, 20.5%, and 21.3 %, which translates into a 1.1%, 0.6%, and 0.6 % decrease in agricultural inefficiency, respectively. The results indicate that helping poor households meet expenses for consultation through subsidies or eliminating consultation fees has a larger impact on malaria incidence and agricultural productivity among poor rural households than subsidizing the cost of medical drugs, the most common avenue chosen by developing country governments in the fight against the disease.