论支持中小企业发展的对策

中小企业在保持经济稳步增长、缓解就业压力、优化经济结构等方面，都发挥着重要的作用。但中小企业在持续快速发展的同时也存在不少问题，制约着中小企业的发展，因此探讨中小企业的发展对策对促进经济发展有重要的意义。     

重视集群发展 实现规模经济－－关于深圳中小企业发展之路的思考

中小企业有无规模可言，规模经济与中小企业有什么关系，中小企业规模经济的获得与大企业有什么不同，应如何推动中小企业实现规模经济?这是一个在理论和实践中都非常重要和迫切需要问答的问题。本文通过对传统规模经济理论的分析，提出中小企业通过集群发展也能够实现规模经济，弥补了传统理论的缺陷，对于指导和发展我市中小企业、制定区域产业政策进而增强区域产业竞争力，具有积极的意义。     

日本地域经济时代与中小企业发展

《中华人民共和国中小企业促进法》的颁布，既是中国中小企业发展的里程碑，也是中国经济发展由“中央经济时代”向“地域经济时代”转变的重要标志，这是因为占有90％以上的中小企业都在地方经济中发挥着重要作用。没有中小企业也就不会有地域经济，在地域中如果没有比较完善的援助体系，中小企业也不可能顺利发展。我国人口众多、国土面积庞大，地区经济发展不平衡已经成为制约国民经济发展的主要问题。因此，研究日本的地域经济与中小企业的关系，借发达国家的先进经验，对于繁荣我国地方经济、缓解社会深层次矛盾具有一定的借鉴意义。     

中小企业融资政策的国际经验及启示

中小企业在大多数国家的国民经济中占有举足轻重的地位，美国把中小企业称为“美国经济的脊梁”，日本把中小企业誉为“日本经济活力的源泉”，但融资困难一直是困扰各国中小企业发展的重要因素。随着对中小企业的地位与作用认识的深入，市场经济发达的冈家（或地区）相继在“二战”后逐步制定了相对完善的中小企业融资政策。如通过各种策略与措施来营造中小企业的良好经营环境、协助中小企业相互合作、辅导其自立发展等。借鉴国外成功经验对于促进我国中小企业的健康发展具有重要意义。     

利用风险投资发展中小企业

发展中小企业具有重要意义改革开放２０年来，我国经济能保持快速与持续的发展，中小企业起到了十分重要的作用。在我国，中小企业占全部企业数的９９％以上，占工业产值的６０％，实现利税约４０％，实践证明，中小企业的健康发展，不仅关系到就业与社会稳定，还关系到经济发展的速度与规模，以及能否较好地实现资源配置。中小企业在技术创新、吸纳劳动力及推动经济复苏方面，有着大型企业不可比拟的优势。在提供就业机会方面，我国的中小企业工人数占全国总工人数７５％，每年新增的８０％的就业机会也是由中小企业提供的。另外，在推动我…     

促进辽宁中小企业快速发展的思考

中小企业是经济体系中的重要一员，各个国家与地区的经济发展现实已经证明，中小企业的独特作用是无可替代的。辽宁省要建设全面小康社会，中小企业的快速发展无疑是不可或缺的。特别是处于老工业基地转型时期，中小企业的发展具有更为重要的意义。     

从货币资金管理来看中小企业的内部控制制度

近年来，鼓励民间资本投资，扶持中小企业发展是国家重要经济政策之一，伴随这政策的深入实施，民营经济在国民经济的贡献越来越突出。占中国企业总数的99％的中小企业的发展对经济的发展和社会稳定起着促进作用。改善和加强中小企业的内部控制制度对整个中小企业的发展具有重要意义。货币资金又是内部控制中关键性的一环。笔者从中小企业的货币资金管理控制存在的问题来完善企业内部控制制度     

加快发展杭州中小企业的思路与对策

中小企业是杭州经济稳定增长的重要保证，解决杭州就业的重要渠道，增强杭州中心城市功能的重要基础和实现杭州长远发展的重要生力军。在杭州经济新一轮发展过程中，加快发展中小企业，对促进产业结构调整、适应世界经济发展规律、增强杭州工业综合竞争力，都有着特别重要的意义。     

中小企业：西部开发的突破口

关于中小企业对于经济发展的重要意义，迄今已有过不少讨论，但主要是针对整个中国经济而言的；对于在西部发展中小企业的意义，却很少涉及。笔者认为，鉴于西部的资源禀赋等特点，中小企业在西部开发中具有尤其重要的地位和作用，应当成为西部开发的突破口。     

我国中小企业融资问题及对策研究

全球金融危机对我国经济有较大的冲击，要尽快恢复我国经济，中小企业的存在和发展对经济复苏作用不可低估，提升中小企业的发展速度，要重视其发展过程中存在的问题和障碍，本文认真分析我国中小企业发展道路上的融资障碍，并提出建议及解决方法，对解决我国中小企业融资问题具有重要的意义。     

我国科技型小微企业成长性评价体系研究

科技型小微企业发展的关键是解决融资问题。现阶段我国银行贷款在科技型小微企业融资中起着关键作用,但银行传统信用评估体系并不适用于科技型小微企业,不能有效解决信息不对称问题,必须构建科学的科技型小微企业成长性评价系统。该系统分为评价体系和评审体系两部分,其中评价体系包括战略管理、研发创新、价值创造和社会支持4个一级指标,30个二级指标,评审体系包括企业家、管理团队、技术水平、企业管理4个一级指标、38个二级指标,各指标通过不同方法进行无量纲化和赋权。该系统的建立为评价科技型小微企业成长性、促进银行科技金融发展搭建了基础平台。     

Is small beautiful? Understanding the contribution of small businesses in township tourism to economic development

The increased importance attached by policy-makers to the anticipated developmental effects of tourism in developing countries has been insufficiently examined by academic researchers, particularly in the context of the contribution of small firms in urban areas. This deficiency is addressed by providing a review of existing research followed by an analysis of interviews with 90 tourism business located within and outside the townships of Langa and Imizamo Yethu, Cape Town, South Africa. The findings reveal tensions between the different actors involved in township tourism. While the involvement of small, locally owned, businesses is beneficial, it is limited by conflicts of interest, lack of trust, limited social networks and little attachment to the township locality. The discussion highlights the complexity of tourism's role in economic development, which has significant implications for local policy-makers.     

Depressed access to formal finance and the use of credit card debt in Chinese SMEs

SMEs (small and micro enterprises) in developing countries are in general financially depressed; business owners thus resort to other financial instruments (here, personal credit cards) when access to bank loans is prohibited. By investigating two different types of SMEs (namely, informal businesses and formal SMEs) in China, we find that SMEs turn to credit card debt as a substitute when they fail to obtain bank loans. Specifically, we find that households with informal businesses are more likely to use credit cards when their businesses are financially constrained. We also find that when financially constrained, formal SMEs are more likely to carry credit card debt and are also carrying more. This relationship persists after selection issues are addressed. However, credit card debt and bank loans are hardly perfect substitutes as these two instruments may function differently. Consistently, we find that even with bank loans, formal SMEs still carry substantial credit card debt. Additionally, compared to those with no fund need and thus no bank loan, formal SMEs with bank loans are carrying more credit card debt.     

国内外商业银行中间业务比较

商业银行的中间业务与其负债业务、资产业务共同构成商业银行业务的三大支柱。随着我国兑现加入WTO时的承诺,中国金融市场将对外资银行全面放开,外资银行必将凭借其先进的管理和成熟的经营．在业务上尤其是中间业务上与国内银行业展开竞争。本文主要通过对国内外商业银行中间业务发展现状的比较,找出我国商业银行中间业务存在的差距,为我国商业银行发展中间业务提出建议。     

WTO体制下加工贸易的发展与产业结构优化

随着ＷＴＯ规则的实施和全球生产转移效应的日益显现，高新技术产业加工贸易蔚然兴起，加工贸易对发展中国家产业升级的促进作用相应增强。如何利用加工贸易政策性较强的特性，采用积极而又适宜的贸易政策，充分发挥其对产业结构的优化作用，培育起动态化的比较优势，是值得我们深入探讨的问题。     

FACTORS THAT AFFECT THE LONG‐TERM SURVIVAL OF MICRO,SMALL AND MEDIUM ENTERPRISES IN ETHIOPIA

There is an increasing recognition of the potential importance of micro, small and medium enterprises (MSMEs) for employment, income and poverty reduction in Ethiopia. Although the MSME sector contributes significantly to the national economy, the high failure rate among well established small businesses and enterprises is a matter of major concern. A random sample of 500 small businesses and enterprises selected from five major cities in Ethiopia were followed up for 6 years in order to assess the impact of influential factors that affect the long‐term survival and viability of small enterprises. Hazard ratios estimated from the Cox Proportional Hazards Model were used to quantify the impact of key predictors of survival. Businesses that ceased operation were characterised by inadequate finance (61%), low level of education (55%), poor managerial skills (54%), shortage of technical skills (49%), and inability to convert part of their profit to investment (46%). The study shows that participation in social capital and networking (iqqub schemes) was critically helpful for long‐term survival. Businesses that did not participate in iqqub schemes regularly were found to be 3.25 times more likely to fail in comparison with businesses that did. Results of the study have implications that could be used for developing policy initiatives that are aimed at fostering long‐term growth in small businesses and enterprises.     

Microequity and Microfinance

This paper examines the work of the Village Enterprise Fund, an US nongovernmental organization, in East Africa as a case study in “equity” based microfinance in low-income countries. Many small businesses established in high-income countries rely on some form of equity capital to fund the startup phase and much of the growth of the business. The success of startup grants and equity financing in high-income countries suggests that this method might also be applicable in low-income countries. Using the work of the Village Enterprise Fund as an example, the paper argues that startup grants and equity finance are useful and appropriate in addition to the more common loan-based approaches.     

要素分工与发展中国家经济发展

要素分工的发展使国际贸易表现出两个新特点:一是世界市场交换的中间产品比重大大增加;二是发达国家与发展中国家的贸易比例不断上升。文章采用一个扩展的李嘉图模型对要素分工进行了分析。分析表明,要素分工提高了发展中国家参与国际分工并从中获利的机会,同时也提高了分工参与国的整体利益。对于发展中大国而言,积极发展国内的要素分工是减轻国际市场依赖的一个重要手段。     

The link between entrepreneurship and informal investment: An international comparison

This study explores the link between entrepreneurship and informal investment. Using Global Entrepreneurship Monitor data, we examine what types of individuals invest in new businesses. The results reveal that individuals who engage in entrepreneurial activity are, on average, three times more likely to invest in new businesses than those who do not. We also find that individuals with entrepreneurial networks are more likely to invest in new businesses. Moreover, we present estimation results for the odds ratio of business ownership/management and informal investment, as well as of entrepreneurial networks and informal investment, in each country. We find that the link between entrepreneurship and informal investment differs across countries. Specifically, while the proportion of individuals who start businesses or engage in informal investment in Japan is lower than in other countries, the relationship between entrepreneurial propensity and informal investment in Japan is the greatest among 30 Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development countries, suggesting the presence of small-world phenomena in entrepreneurship in Japan.