国家税务总局关于税收协定常设机构认定等有关问题的通知（2006年3月14日 国税发[2006]35号）

我国对外谈签的税收协定第五条（常设机构）第一款规定：。常设机构。一语是指企业进行全部或部分营业的固定场所；第四款规定：应认为，常设机构不包括专门为本企业进行准备性或辅助性活动的目的所设的固定营业场所。根据联合国税收协定范本注释、经济合作发展组织税收协定范本注释以及世界上多数国家的做法．对“营业”一语和“准备性或辅助性”一语的含义以及其他涉及常设机构的问题．解释如下：     

中国对电子商务征税的战略选择

一、当前中国电子商务税收管理现状 中国作为发展中国家，电子商务尚处于初级阶段，交易额占社会交易总额的比重较低，远远地落在了发达国家的后面：但是世界电子商务的蓬勃发展，也为我国电子商务迎头赶上提供了丰富的经验。面对机遇和挑战，我国企业和政府均采取了积极应对的态度。国内企业积极开展电子商务活动，网上交易额急剧增大。政府主管部门在采取措施支持电子商务发展的同时，也已逐步展开对电子商务交易的研究与管理。     

浅析我国电子商务的税收问题

随着知识经济和经济全球化的发展,以及互联网的进一步普及,电子商务作为一种新兴的贸易方式在我国得到了迅速的发展,推动了我国经济的发展以及企业竞争力的提高,另一方面,电子商务的全球性、流动性、隐匿性等特点给我国的税收征管带来了很大的挑战,电子商务市场需要规范,我国的税收制度亟需改革,针对电子商务税收征管的法律需要进一步的完善.     

浅谈电子商务与增值税

中国的电子商务（ＥＣ）刚刚起步，未来关于电子商务下增值税的征管问题必将引起人们的关注。特别是中国加入ＷＴＯ以后，电子商务将得到迅速的发展，随之而来的电子商务对增值税的影响也越来越大。为了确保国家税收不流失，税务立法机构对此应给予足够的重视。 一、电子商务的牲质决定了电子商务必须交纳增值税 电子商务是在Ｉｎｔｅｒｎｅｔ开放的网络环境下，基于浏览器（服务器）的应用实现消费者网上购物、企业之间的网上交易、在线电子支付的一种新型交易方式。它能帮助企业有效地解决企业之间的贸易合作关系，发展和密切个体消费者与…     

电子商务及其税收对策研究

电子商务作为一种在新型贸易方式，使国际国内税收及税收征管遭受到了巨大的冲击。章论述了制定我国电子商务税收对策的原则，完善电子商务的税收对策及采取相应配套措施。     

电子商务带给税收新课题

我国的电子商务目前还处于初始阶段，在各类商业网站中，从事电子商务的网站只有1100多家，约占2．8％。电子商务作为一个极具发展潜力的朝阳行业，国家应制定出一系列包括税收政策在内的扶持政策，以加快我国电子商务的发展。目前，世界主要国家关于电子商务征税的原则已基本达到共识，即：税收首先要做到中性，反对开征任何形式的新税。     

电子商务对税收制度的挑战及对策建议

随着电子商务的迅速发展，电子商务所涉及的税务问题日益引起了人们的关注。本文从国际、企业、个人三个层次上对电子商务所涉及的问题进行了讨论，并对其中的一些问题提出了解决的可行思路。     

电子商务税收征管问题研究

随着社会信息化程度的提高，电子商务将成为未来的主要贸易方式，电子商务的出现对税收将产生重大影响，文章从六个方面论述了电子商务对税收的影响，并结合我国电子商务发展的实际，提出了今后我国制定税收政策，加强电子商务的税收征客的对策。     

电子商务引起的税收问题及对策

网络技术的进一步发展，使电子商务成为现代企业经营的一种大趋势。与此同时，电子商务也使传统的税收观念受到很大冲击，给各国税务系统带来了一个共同的难题——如何才能有效地对电子商务征税。 一、电子商务引起的税收问题 由于电子商务具有高度的流动性和隐匿性的特点，从而引发一系列重大税收问题，主要表现在： 1.税收征管无帐可查。各国税收征管都离不开对凭证、帐簿和报表的审查，由于电子信息技术的运用越来越多地出现无纸化操作，而这些电子凭证又可以轻易地修改，不留下任何痕迹、线索，这使税收征管稽查工作失去了基础，税务部…     

营业亏损抵免的所得税影响探析

为鼓励企业发展，各国通常都会给予发生营业亏损的企业一定的税收优惠．允许用纳税亏损抵减其他年度的应税利润，从而形成税款的减免。目前我国的所得税会计处理尚未确认由此产生的所得税利益．会计信息不能反映企业营业亏损抵免的所得税影响．这与我国鼓励采用纳税影响会计法相矛盾．有必要加以改进。下面对国际上的一些通行做法进行介绍．以与同仁探析。     

Debt and Taxes and Uncertainty

With a graduated personal tax schedule, Miller showed that there could be an equilibrium debt supply for the corporate sector as a whole. In the presence of uncertainty there is also a unique debt/equity ratio for each individual firm, and this ratio is related to the firm's operational risk characteristics. However, if firms merge and spin off in response to tax incentives, the identity of firms is ambiguous and only the corporate sector is a meaningful construct. These arguments are developed in both discrete and continuous models that employ extensions of the arbitrage-free pricing theory.     

教育与资本怎样的前景怎样的现实

来自政府的声音: "动员各种社会资源,发展教育" 此次论坛上财政部长助理张少春的发言是最受关注的发言之一.他的演讲传达出的信息有这样几方面:第一,谈到现实,他认为全社会对教育的巨大需求与我国公共投入不足已成为我国教育事业发展的突出矛盾.近年来,以公共部门投入为主,多渠道筹措教育经费的教育投入机制成为解决这一问题的重要途径,也使得公共部门与私营部门在教育领域的合作日益密切.第二,谈到前景,他认为,1.中国经济持续、快速的增长对高技能人才产生巨大的需求,这为私营部门的参与提供了广阔空间.2.随着公共财政职能的不断完善,财政资金将在各项教育事业中重新进行分配,进一步优化财政支出结构,提高资金的使用效率.在"十一五"期间,我国将把公共支出的重点转移到农村.我们将逐步把全体农村适龄儿童的义务教育全部纳入公共财政体制.     

Director gender and mergers and acquisitions

Does director gender influence CEO empire building? Does it affect the bid premium paid for target firms? Less overconfident female directors less overestimate merger gains. As a result, firms with female directors are less likely to make acquisitions and if they do, pay lower bid premia. Using acquisition bids by S&P 1500 companies during 1997–2009 we find that each additional female director is associated with 7.6% fewer bids, and each additional female director on a bidder board reduces the bid premium paid by 15.4%. Our findings support the notion that female directors help create shareholder value through their influence on acquisition decisions. We also discuss other possible interpretations of our findings.     

Political corruption and mergers and acquisitions

This research examines the relation between political corruption and mergers and acquisitions (M&As). We find that local corruption increases firm acquisitiveness but decreases firm targetiveness. The levels of corruption in acquirer areas relate positively to the bid premiums and negatively to the likelihood of deal completion. Corruption motivates acquiring firms to use excess cash for payment, which mitigates the negative effect of corruption on acquirer shareholder value. The evidence indicates that acquisitions help acquiring firms convert cash into hard-to-extract assets and relocate assets from the high to low corruption areas, thereby shielding their liquid assets from expropriation by local officials.     

Trust and cross-border mergers and acquisitions

A number of studies suggest that social trust matters for investment. Using different measures of trust from World Values Survey, we show that countries where people display higher levels of trust engage in more cross-border M&A activities. When they do, these acquirers pay lower premiums. To the extent that these acquirers also tend to engage in larger acquisitions as well, our findings suggest that a larger selection pool of potential targets and higher value targets enable these acquirers to negotiate for lower premiums. We do not find evidence of the significant effect for target country trust levels. Hence, trust may benefit those acquiring firms in cross-border transactions.     

Tournament-based incentives and mergers and acquisitions

This research examines the relation between tournament-based incentives, which are proxied by the difference between a firm's CEO pay and the median pay of the senior managers, and mergers and acquisitions (M&As). We find that tournament-based incentives are positively related to firm acquisitiveness and acquiring firms' stock and operating performance. Further analysis indicates that positive acquisition performance increases the likelihood of the CEO being promoted from inside the acquiring firm. Our evidence is consistent with the view that tournament-based incentives motivate acquiring firms' managers to make greater efforts and take more risk that result in superior acquisition performance.     

Corporate Innovations and Mergers and Acquisitions

Using a large and unique patent‐merger data set over the period 1984 to 2006, we show that companies with large patent portfolios and low R&D expenses are acquirers, while companies with high R&D expenses and slow growth in patent output are targets. Further, technological overlap between firm pairs has a positive effect on transaction incidence, and this effect is reduced for firm pairs that overlap in product markets. We also show that acquirers with prior technological linkage to their target firms produce more patents afterwards. We conclude that synergies obtained from combining innovation capabilities are important drivers of acquisitions.     

East and west and north and south : A preliminary model

The Brandt report and other proposals for a new North-South world order continue to be the focus of lively debate, yet it is often argued that little concrete has emerged from their recommendations. A major reason for this, the author argues, is that the East-West conflict component is not sufficiently taken into consideration-East-West tensions are a severe constraint on and a determining factor of North-South relations. Using influence diagrams, the author develops a flexible framework for discussion and assessment of N/S-E/W relations.