异质性企业、生产率与出口市场选择——基于中国汽车企业的实证分析

本文基于异质性企业贸易理论,利用中国700余家汽车企业的微观数据,实证分析了企业生产率与出口行为的关系。出口企业的生产率水平高于非出口企业,生产率水平决定企业的出口决策,总体上存在企业的自我选择效应。在一定条件下,生产率水平最高的企业进入发达国家市场,生产率较高的企业进入发展中国家市场,而生产率最低的企业在国内经营,生产率水平决定了企业的出口市场选择。以发达国家为出口市场的企业生产率的增长速度与非出口企业相比没有明显的差异,没有显著的出口学习效应,但是以发展中国家为出口市场的企业生产率的增长速度要高于非出口企业,存在显著的出口学习效应。     

异质性与跨国公司的战略选择

新新贸易理论将公司异质性引入到国际贸易理论中,从微观层面解释了公司国际化的战略选择。但它们通常假定两国是同质的,所以公司国际化的选择仅局限于出IZl贸易和水平型直接投资。本文构建了三国模型,考察了跨国公司的三种战略选择模式。理论研究表明,生产率最高的公司选择水平型直接投资,生产率较高的公司选择出口平台直接投资,生产率较低的公司选择出口贸易,生产率最低的公司只供应国内市场。发达国家的相对工人工资水平越高、发展中国家建厂成本越小,选择出口和水平型直接投资的公司会越少,而选择出口平台的直接投资公司会越多。     

出口与企业生产率——基于中国制造业969家上市公司数据的检验

新-新贸易理论是国际贸易的学术前沿,而出口与企业生产率的关系是其中的一个重要内容.按照该理论,企业的出口贸易行为选择是由其异质性即生产率差异决定的,在出口和只供应国内市场的两类企业中,生产率高的企业会选择出口贸易,而生产率低的企业只供应国内市场.这一结论的经验检验文献已较为丰富,但用中国企业数据进行的分析并不多见,在此背景下,本文选取了中国制造业969家上市公司,分9大行业验证了出口与企业生产率之间的关系,结果显示中国企业数据是符合新-新贸易理论的结论的.     

出口目的地与出口企业生产率

出口目的地会影响企业生产率吗?何种类型的企业会在出口目的地的选择中受益?文章在新新贸易理论的基础上,试图进一步解释中国企业生产率持续增长的原因.文章采用中国工业企业数据和中国海关进出口数据的合并数据,运用倾向评分匹配和倍差法解决样本选择的内生性问题,系统考察了出口市场转变对企业生产率的影响.研究表明:(1)与只出口到发展中国家的企业相比,企业出口目的地由发展中国家转向发达国家后,生产率得到了更大幅度的提高,在运用两阶段最小二乘法控制计量模型的内生性问题后,检验结果依然稳健;(2)民营企业和多产品企业在出口目的地由发展中国家转向发达国家后,其生产率提升更为明显,而且出口阅历的积累更有利于企业出口学习效应的发挥和创新能力的提高.文章结论对中国企业的出口目的地选择以及不同类型企业生产率的提升具有重要的启示.     

中国企业的自我选择效应与出口学习效应研究——基于制造业与服务业企业层面的比较分析

利用世界银行对中国企业的调查数据,考察了中国服务业企业出口与生产率之间的作用机理,并与中国制造业企业进行了比较分析。研究表明,具备较高生产率的服务业企业会主动选择出口市场(自我选择效应),进入出口市场后又将进一步促进企业生产率的提高(出口学习效应);而中国制造业企业未出现自我选择效应,仅发现了出口学习效应。这一结论为中国"进一步扩大服务业开放"提供了实证依据。     

制造业企业出口和生产率的关系——新新贸易理论框架下对中国工业企业的微观分析

在新新贸易理论的框架下,对中国规模以上工业企业从总体和分行业两个方面检验中国工业企业出口对生产率增长的影响,发现出口同企业全要素生产率增长显著负相关.造成出口效应不显著的原因除了中国尚不完善的市场体系外,还与中国出口贸易中加工贸易比重过高、加工环节大都处于劳动密集型而且技术含量不高的水平、加工过程短、增值率不高有关.因此,中国如果减少加工贸易的出口,便可以在不影响生产率增长的基础上降低外部需求.     

出口市场规模、初始生产率与中国工业企业技术创新

基于贸易竞争效应理论,主要采用中国工企数据库、中国企业专利数据库、中国专利全文数据库（知网版）、中国海关数据库和CEPII-BACI数据库的2002—2013年匹配合并数据,考察一般贸易企业出口市场规模的初始生产率调节机制对技术创新数量及质量的影响、出口市场规模增长率影响技术创新数量与质量增长率的时间点选择。结果发现：总体而言,只有当企业初始生产率超过临界值水平时,出口市场规模对技术创新数量与质量的积极影响才能显现;从结构上看,出口市场规模对技术创新数量与质量影响均为正的企业主要集中在化学原料和化学制品制造业,医药制造业,通用设备制造业,电气机械和器材制造业,计算机、通信和其他电气设备制造业;从时间点看,一般贸易企业的技术创新数量与质量的增长分别发生在出口市场规模增长后的第二年和第三年。因此,地方政府应改善营商环境,为出口企业减税降费;出口企业应提高生产率,降低成本,扩大出口市场规模,缩短创新决策时间,以发挥出口市场规模对创新数量与质量的积极作用。     

出口强度、资本密集度对中国出口企业自选择效应和学习效应的影响

现有研究关于出口企业自选择效应和学习效应的检验常常忽视企业的微观特征。本文通过对中国大样本微观面板数据进行统计分析和计量检验表明：国内出口企业存在生产率的静态优势,不存在“生产率悖论”。总体层面上,出口企业存在自选择效应,并且这种自选择效应对各种所有制企业和不同资本密集度企业均存在。在考虑国内外市场进入成本的情况下,高生产率的企业选择同时进入国内外两个市场,表现出自选择效应;而低生产率、高出口强度的企业选择进入国外市场,不存在自选择现象。,此外,短期内持续出口企业的学习效应为负,并且各种所有制企业的学习效应稳健为负,怛高资本密集度企业的出口学习负效应能快速扭转为正,出口强度低于50％的企业学习效应显著为正。     

基于“贸易引致学习”的出口获益研究

本文基于"贸易引致学习"的视角,以生产率提高作为获益的代理指标,以出口目的地加权经济增长率作为出口额的工具变量,利用2000-2006年合并的中国工业企业数据库和海关数据库,通过考察出口额对生产率的影响及机制来对此进行回答。面板数据二阶段最小二乘法的估计结果表明,出口额增加能显著提高生产率。此外,出口额相同的情况下,与中国发展水平相近的目的地技术水平越高、以加工贸易方式出口占比越大;一般贸易方式下出口商品种类越多,越有利于企业生产率的提高。因此,中国对外贸易策略的调整可以考虑从出口市场分布、贸易方式和出口商品多样化等方面着手。     

贸易自由化与异质性企业生产效率变动:来自中国制造业的微观证据

本文使用1998-2007年高度细化的关税数据测算了最终品关税和中间品关税,在此基础上结合中国微观企业数据实证考察了贸易自由化与异质性企业生产率变动之间的关系.研究结果表明:(1)贸易自由化对制造业企业生产率进步具有相当的解释力,其中中间品关税减让引致的成本节约以及优质要素获得效应对制造业企业生产率的促进作用比最终品关税减让引致的竞争效应更大;(2)贸易自由化对非出口企业、非加工企业以及本土企业的生产率提高的影响效应分别显著地大于出口企业、加工企业和外资企业,并且这些差异又主要体现在中间品关税减让引致的成本节约以及优质要素获得效应对生产率的作用上;(3)制造业行业总体生产率的上升主要来自企业内部生产率的改善,而市场份额重置效应的贡献相对较小,进一步的估计发现,贸易自由化对资源重置效率的净影响也较为微弱.本文为理解中国制造业企业生产率的动态演进提供了一个新的视角和经验证据,同时也为评价中国入世的经济效果提供了一个有益的判别视角.     

"新新贸易理论"的思想脉络及其发展

新新贸易理论将企业异质性成功的引入到国际贸易模型中,从微观层面解释了贸易的发生及影响,从而开拓了国际贸易研究的新领域。新新贸易理论解释了为什么好的企业做国际贸易,而较次的企业做国内贸易这一现象,该理论认为,自由贸易可以提高产业生产率水平和社会福利,所以在政策上应该促进自由贸易而不是贸易保护。     

Firm heterogeneity and trade-induced layoffs: An empirical investigation

We use a novel data set with verified observations of trade-induced layoffs by U.S. firms to study the interaction between firm productivity and trade liberalization as key determinants of firm-level job destruction due to trade. We find that patterns of trade-induced layoffs are broadly consistent with the predictions for firm-level employment generated by the Melitz (2003) heterogeneous firms theory – the number of trade-induced layoffs increases with firm productivity for non-exporting firms but decreases with firm productivity for exporting firms. The fact that exporting firms incur trade-induced layoffs at all invites a refined interpretation of the theory. Our findings suggest that exporting firms may lay off some workers who work in production for their shrinking domestic segments, while also engaging in some within-firm reallocation of workers. We also find that, even after controlling for productivity and export status, larger firms lay off more workers due to trade competition.     

Exports versus FDI in German Manufacturing: Firm Performance and Participation in International Markets

Recent theoretical work has been able to explain how even within narrowly defined industries, firms can exhibit heterogeneous degrees of participation in international commerce. Differences in productivity between firms are the principal explanation offered by theory to explain heterogeneity with respect to international commerce. In particular, theory predicts that the least productive firms will produce for the domestic market only, while better performers engage in export activities, and the top firms establish foreign subsidiaries. This paper presents an empirical test of the relationship between productivity and patterns of international trade and production. Using German firm‐level data from 1996 to 2002, we test the predicted rank ordering of productivity according to firms’ trade pattern by examining the distribution functions of the three subsets of firms for stochastic dominance. Our results are generally consistent with the predictions from theory, and document significant productivity differences according to trade patterns.     

出口的资源配置效应——基于中国制造业的经验检验

Melitz(2003)通过引入企业的生产率异质性,发现出口可以迫使行业内低效率的企业退出市场,继而通过行业内资源的重新配置实现行业总体生产率水平的提升。文章选取1999-2007年间中国制造业行业层面数据为样本,在分别运用索洛余值法、随机边界分析法(SFA)和数据包络分析法(DEA)对行业生产率水平进行测算的基础上,对贸易自由度与行业总体生产效率之间的关系进行经验检验,结果发现中国的出口对于行业加总的生产率水平的促进作用并不显著,没有明显证据表明异质性企业贸易理论提出的这一新的获得贸易利益的途径在中国的存在。最后,文章建议应该进一步消除各种阻碍自由贸易的壁垒,努力盈造行业内公平、有序的竞争氛围,继而获得由出口引致的通过行业内资源重新配置带来的贸易利得。     

Technology Diffusion through Trade with Heterogeneous Firms

I investigate the long‐run implications of trade and technology diffusion through trade, when firms are heterogeneous and trade is costly. This paper integrates firm heterogeneity and trade into a product innovation growth model from endogenous growth theory. I find that although exposure to trade increases average productivity, it has an ambiguous effect on economic growth and consumer welfare.     

Trade and productivity: Self-selection or learning-by-exporting in India

Recent literature tried to explain the Indian growth miracle in different ways, ranging from trade liberalization to industrial reforms. Using data on Indian manufacturing firms, this paper analyzes the relationship between firm's productivity and export market participation during 1991–2004. While it provides evidence of the self-selection hypothesis by showing that more productive firms become exporters, the results do not show that entry into export markets enhances productivity. The paper examines the explanation of self selection hypothesis for total factor productivity differences across 33,510 exporting and non-exporting firms. It uses propensity score matching to test the learning-by-exporting hypothesis. In line with the prediction of recent heterogeneous firm models of international trade, the main finding of the paper is: more productive firms become exporters but it is not the case that learning by exporting is a channel fuelling growth in Indian manufacturing.     

The labor market effects of trade union heterogeneity

Empirical evidence suggests that the bargaining power of trade unions differs across firms and sectors. Standard models of unionization ignore this pattern by assuming a uniform bargaining strength. In this paper, we incorporate union heterogeneity into a Melitz (2003) type model. Union bargaining power is assumed to be firm-specific and varies with firm productivity. This framework allows us to re-analyze the labor market effects of (i) a symmetric increase in the bargaining power of all unions and (ii) trade liberalization. We show that union heterogeneity unambiguously reduces the negative employment effects of stronger unions. Firm-specific bargaining power creates a link between unionization and the entry and exit of firms, implying a reduction of the unions' expected bargaining power. Moreover, union heterogeneity constitutes an (un)employment effect of trade liberalization. If unions are most powerful in the high-productivity (low-productivity) firms, trade liberalization will increase (decrease) unemployment.     

Does international openness affect the productivity of local firms?

This paper examines how international openness can change firm productivity in south‐eastern Europe (SEE), a crucial question for middle‐income countries. Using firm‐level data for six transition economies over the 1995–2002 period, we identify whether foreign ownership and propensity to trade with more advanced countries can bring about higher learning effects. We find that: (i) foreign ownership has helped restructure and enhance the productivity of local firms in four out of six countries; (ii) exporting to advanced markets has a larger impact on productivity growth in four countries, especially when the firm's absorptive capacity is taken into account; (iii) in contrast, exporting to the less competitive markets of the former Yugoslavia seems to negatively affect productivity growth in three countries; and (iv) learning effects from importing are similar to those from exporting. Our results suggest that trade liberalization is not uniformly beneficial. Regional composition of trade flows and absorptive capacity of local firms matter. Thus, trade liberalization within the SEE region may not provide a substitute for a general trade liberalization which includes access to the more competitive markets of countries belonging to the Organization for Economic Co‐operation and Development.     

Productivity and Firms’ Sales Destination: Chinese Characteristics

In the trade literature, it is often assumed that there is little or no trade cost within a country's borders, but large trade costs across a country's borders. Thus, productive firms self‐select into exporters and the less productive firms can only serve domestic consumers. This paper presents a similar but different case in China, whose domestic markets are segmented by provincial borders mainly owing to the various (hidden) protective measures favoring local firms. These discriminative measures are de facto trade barriers. It applies the heterogeneous trade theory to examine the effects of firms’ productivity on their sales choices in both the international and domestic markets, in the presence of intra‐national and international trade costs. We find that productive firms not only self‐select into exporters, but also into sales in other provincial markets. This pattern is sensitive to firms’ locations and ownerships. For foreign direct investment (FDI)‐controlled firms, increases in productivity are associated with a higher probability of selling into other provincial markets, rather than into international ones. Productivity increases for firms operating in the inland area exhibit different patterns than those in the Eastern area.