Efficiency and Productivity of China's Thermal Power Generation

In China, the State Power Corporation (SPC) dominated theelectric power sector. Our results from the data envelopmentanalysis (DEA) approach show that the total factor productivity(TFP) growth between 1995 and 2000 is 2.1 percent per yearon average. Technological change accounts for almost all theTFP growth. Municipalities and coastal provinces have achievedhigher technical efficiency and TFP growth during the periodunder study. Fuel efficiency and capacity utilization rate aresignificant factors affecting technical efficiency of powergeneration. Provinces and autonomous regions not dominated bySPC have achieved higher levels of technical efficiency.     

我国制造业上市公司技术效率与技术进步实证研究

本文运用非参数的Malmqusit生产率指数法研究了2001—2005年期间中国制造业上市公司全要素生产率的水平及其变迁情况,并对其子行业和地区分布特征进行了探讨。同时对那些影响制造业上市公司生产率的主要因素进行了剖析。实证研究表明,中国制造业上市公司全要素生产率年平均增长1．9％,相对比较低,呈现出波动性特征。制造业上市公司全要素生产率的增长主要是由技术进步和效率改善共同引致的;开放程度比较高的行业,生产率也比较高,而高度垄断以及开放度低的行业如石油加工及炼焦业的生产率就比较低。东、中、西部地区制造业上市公司全要素生产率存在差异,东部最高,中部和西部次之,年均增长率分别为2．7％、1．7％、0．4％。股权集中度、企业盈利能力和企业年龄与制造业上市公司技术效率以及生产率的提升显著正相关,而股权制衡度、控股股东的性质与制造业上市佘司技术效率以及生产率的提升并不显著;企业年龄与上市公司技术进步没有必然的关系,而企业规模对对制造业上市公司技术进步有显著影响。     

Productivity of Singapore's Manufacturing Sector: An Industry Level Non-Parametric Study

This paper seeks to measure and to explain the productivity of Singapore's manufacturing sector using industry level data. It utilises a non-parametric approach consisting of a set of production distance functions, each of which is obtained by solving a linear programming problem. From a time-series of 1983 to 1993, across thirty industries, we obtain three indices: a Malmquist total factor productivity (TFP) index, an efficiency change index, and a technological change index. The resulting TFP growth stands at 4.6% per annum, considerably greater than previous estimates using aggregate country level data. Three-stage least squares are then applied to the pooled data. Foreign ownership and labour quality are found to have important impact on TFP growth.     

我国工业污染治理动态效率研究

全要素生产率是动态效率的一种度量。以我国30个省市的工业污染治理投入产出的统计数据为实例,运用基于DEA模型的Malmquist指数方法,测算了2000～2009年中国省际的工业污染治理全要素生产率的变化。结果显示:2000～2009年期间我国工业污染治理全要素生产率增加7.1%,主要来源于技术进步的贡献;省际间的全要素生产率的变动存在较大区域差异,河北省工业污染治理全要素生产率改善最多,而青海省下降最多;工业污染治理全要素生产率的变化和技术变化随时间都呈现U型曲线规律。最后基于实证分析的结果,给出了提升我国工业污染治理效率的政策建议。     

节能减排约束下中国制造业行业的效率和生产率的研究

本文运用SBM方向性距离函数和卢恩伯格生产率指标,对在资源和环境约束下我国26个制造业行业1999～2008年的效率和生产率及其构成进行了实证研究.结果表明:能源的过多使用以及SO2和COD的过度排放是环境无效率的主要来源;环境无效率水平最高的是原材料工业,环境效率水平最高的是机械设备制造业;环境全要素生产率的平均增长率低于市场全要素生产率的平均增长率,说明了环境管理的无效率;纯技术进步是中国制造业行业环境全要素生产率增长的主要推动力.     

产业外部性对全要素生产率及其分解的实证研究

本文构建关于MAR外部性、Jacobs外部性与Porter外部性与全要素生产率的空间计量模型,实证检验了以2004年为基期的2005~2015年中国省域制造业的产业外部性对于全要素生产率的影响,同时将产业细分为劳动密集型、资源密集型以及技术密集型进行探讨研究 。通过构建空间计量模型,发现雅各布斯外部性与波特外部性对于制造业整体以及3个细分产业的全要素生产率的影响非常显著,都对全要素生产率的增长具有促进作用。针对生产率分解后的技术进步与技术效率的实证证明,产业多样化可以促进制造业技术效率改善而对技术进步具有抑制作用,市场竞争可以促进制造业技术进步,与波特外部性不谋而合。提高产业专业化以及保持产业的区域垄断更能促进劳动密集型产业技术进步,支持了MAR外部性的观点。劳动密集型产业技术效率的变动则主要是通过区域的竞争来影响;资源密集型产业的技术进步与技术效率只有波特外部性在发挥正向效应;技术密集型产业的技术进步需要保持产业的专业化,而提高产业的多样化与有效的市场竞争更利于技术效率的改善。     

The evolution of hog production and potential sources for future growth in China

Following reforms to the market, China’s hog industry has developed rapidly, however, with social and economic transitions, China’s hog industry is facing challenges which might restrict long-term growth in production. This paper analyzes the changes in regional scale, organization, input factors, and technological progress for China’s hog production over the last few decades. The paper seeks to reveal the sources of hog production growth and provide some suggestions for future development of the hog industry. To achieve these aims, the paper uses stochastic frontier production functions and the Malmquist index to measure total factor productivity (TFP) in the hog industry and decompose TFP into technical efficiency; technological progress; scale efficiency; and allocative efficiency using data for 25 provinces from 1980 to 2008. The results show firstly that; the TFP of hog production increased by 64.3% from 1980 to 2008, and allocative efficiency and scale efficiency improvements played a key role in this TFP growth. In contrast, technical efficiency and technical progress have changed little over this period. Secondly, TFP’s contribution to output was 39.7%, it being less than that of factor inputs to output. Thirdly, the results suggest that the growth of China’s pork production depends mostly on the increase in the quantity of factor inputs, especially feed. As a consequence, the key to ensuring long-term and stable development of China’s hog production would seem to involve focusing on enhancing total factor productivity and changing the pattern of production growth.     

基于三阶段DEA-Malmquist方法的中国共享制造高质量发展效率测度研究

共享制造是优化制造资源配置的新业态新模式,是制造业高质量转型升级的有效途径。本文基于新发展理念,构建共享共赢的中国共享制造企业高质量发展效率指标体系,利用2018~2020年我国39家共享制造企业的面板数据并通过三阶段DEA-Malmquist指数模型对我国共享制造高质量发展效率进行动态测度。研究结果表明,2018~2020年我国共享制造企业高质量发展综合技术效率均值分别为0.897、0.919、0.883,纯技术效率均值分别为0.979、0.975、0.983,规模效率均值分别为:0.916、0.942、0.898;2018~2020年我国共享制造企业高质量发展全要素生产率变化指数上升0.4%,技术效率变化指数下降1.3%,技术进步变化指数上升1.8%,纯技术效率变化指数上升0.2%,规模效率变化指数下降1.5%。2018~2019年我国共享制造高质量发展效率呈上升趋势,2020年有所下降,规模效率对我国共享制造高质量发展效率制约明显。基于此,从技术创新和规模调整两方面,提出促进中国共享制造高质量发展的若干对策。     

我国东部沿海地区装备制造业生产效率研究——基于三阶段DEA模型

装备制造业是一国制造能力和经济实力的综合体现,我国东部沿海地区装备制造业生产效率的提升,事关我国制造大国向制造强国转变。本文运用三阶段DEA模型,对东部沿海地区装备制造业生产效率进行了实证研究,通过比较分析以揭示其区域效率变化特点,结果表明：我国东部沿海地区装备制造业生产效率保持在较高的水平,但在剥离环境因素和随机因素影响后,东部沿海地区装备制造业生产效率发生显著性变化;社会投入水平、政府支持力度、对外开放水平和居民消费水平对装备制造业投入有显著影响;东部沿海地区区域内纯技术效率差异较小,规模效率差异较大;规模效率较低是制约我国东部沿海装备制造业生产效率提高的瓶颈。提出坚持以“创新驱动、质量为先、绿色发展、结构优化、人才为本”为核心的对策建议。     

Productive efficiency and firm exit in the food sector

This work examines the effects of productive efficiency on the survival of firms in the Greek food sector. Technical and scale efficiency scores are computed within a data envelopment analysis (DEA) framework and are used as explanatory variables in a parametric (Weibull) survival model. High technical efficiency increases the median survival time and lowers the hazard rate of exit. As the scale efficiency of a firm operating either at increasing or decreasing returns to scale approaches one (1), its theoretically maximum value, the expected median survival time, is maximized for all types of exits. Developments in biotechnology, the evolution of alternative food supply networks, innovations in the food sector and competition policy are likely to affect technical and scale efficiency of food manufacturing firms. Results unraveling the effects of technical and scale efficiency on the survival of firms in the food sector are of particular relevance to food policy makers.     

市场扭曲、跨企业的资源配置与制造业部门的生产率

近年来,在中国制造业部门的各个产业里,不同企业之间的生产率表现出很大的差异,而且,企业的规模分布与生产率分布只有微弱的关联。在这篇文章里,我们讨论了市场扭曲与产业内不同企业之间生产率差异的内在联系。我们的研究结果显示,在几个代表性产业里,市场不完全引起的产业内跨企业的资源配置扭曲解释了企业间基本生产要素的生产率差异和全要素生产率差异的实质性部分,并导致了总量层面40%以上的全要素生产率损失。进一步,我们还发现,地区市场分割和金融市场的不完全是造成产品和要素市场扭曲的重要原因,而企业所有制和政府补贴对跨企业的资源配置没有显著的影响。     

Are China’s regional agricultural productivities converging: How and why?

This article tests the hypotheses of convergence to a single level of total factor productivity (TFP), and a steady state of TFP growth rate in China’s agricultural sector. Based on multilateral TFP estimates we found that China’s agricultural sector has rebounded in recent years from a slower TFP growth in the 2005–2007 period. While convergence test results confirm a “catch-up” effect that provinces with lower TFP levels tend to grow faster than others, estimated rates of β convergence are conditional on how we capture the heterogeneity effect across regions. The rates of β convergence range from 0.016 to 0.039 under different model specifications. Estimates show that higher growth rates of educational attainment, R&D, and intermediate goods density (per unit of labor) can enhance TFP growth. Unfortunately, there is no evidence of an overall σ convergence, indicating that TFP levels are not converging except in the South region. It implies that to catch up with leading provinces, it would require extra efforts for those lagging behind by increasing their region-specific research investment, promoting rural educational attainment, and enhancing embodied technical change.     

Total factor productivity growth in Uganda’s telecommunications industry

The telecommunication sector is usually thought to be characterized by high productivity growth rates arising from increasing returns to scale. The actual productivity patterns in the sector, however, need to be empirically determined. A panel data set was assembled and a common set of input and output indicators was constructed to support the estimation of the Malmquist Total Factor Productivity index via input-oriented Data Envelopment Analysis. A general specification encompassing all available input and output data was employed to obtain the average total factor productivity changes for the sector. Over the study period, there was total factor productivity growth in Uganda’s telecommunications industry, which was mainly due to technical or technological progress as opposed to technical efficiency. These results indicate the existence of a potential for tariff reduction via the X-factor in the price cap formula.     

The Pin Factory Revisited: Product Diversification and Productivity Growth

Manufacturing plants have been producing an increasingly homogeneous product mix over recent years. Individual plants have been manufacturing fewer and less dissimilar products. The trend is ubiquitous across industries and is unlikely to be a random event. An index of product diversification is introduced into a fixed-effects model of productivity growth derived formally from a factor-minimal cost function. Specialization at the production site is found to have spurred productivity growth. Over the 1963–87 period, decreasing product heterogeneity has accounted for about 17 percent of productivity growth in U.S. manufacturing, second in importance only to technical change and equaling the contribution of scale economies.     

全要素生产率构成与中国地区经济差距演进的核密度分析

本文利用随机前沿生产函数模型测算了中国28个省区1985~2007年的全要素生产率,并将其分解为技术进步、技术效率及规模经济性,同时利用核密度估计刻画了中国地区差距的演进机制。研究结果表明,全要素生产率对中国地区差距的影响要大于要素投入,在全要素生产率的组成部分中,技术效率是导致地区经济差距扩大的最主要原因,其次是技术进步的影响,而规模经济性对地区差距的影响非常有限。最后本文给出了相关对策建议。     

合肥市通用制造业企业电能投入产出效率研究——基于第二次全国经济普查数据的开发利用

依据合肥市第二次全国经济普查数据,将153家规上通用制造业企业,按国民经济行业分类标准分为24个行业,以用电量、固定资产、流动资产、雇员为投入指标,营业收入、利润为产出指标,以行业内企业均值作为行业分析数据,采用CCR、BCC、投入扩展CCR和输出扩展CCR4种不同意义的DEA模型,对24个行业电能投入产出技术效率、纯技术有效、规模有效以及DEA无效决策单元投影等进行分析,所得结果对于全面、准确地掌握合肥市通用制造业企业电能使用情况,指导企业合理利用电能,走能源可持续发展的工业发展之路提供参考。     

本土市场规模与中国制造业全要素生产率

本文使用2001—2010年中国制造业分行业数据,实证分析了本土市场规模与全要素生产率之间的关系。估计结果显示,以"市场促创新"的假说整体上是成立的。本土市场规模每增加1%,将会促进生产率指数增长0.021%、效率改进指数增长0.023%、技术进步指数增长0.018%。分行业研究显示,本土市场规模对全要素生产率的影响在不同行业存在一定的差异。本土市场规模作用的发挥更依赖于行业的技术密集程度和资本密集程度,而对行业的劳动密集程度则并不敏感。从作用机制来看,本土市场规模对生产率增长和技术进步的正向作用主要通过资本密度、研发密度与人力资本等途径传递;对效率改进的正向影响主要通过资本密度、研发密度、人力资本以及对外开放度等途径传递。在所有的作用途径中,人力资本的影响最大。这些作用机制可以进一步归纳为"集聚效应"和"竞争效应"。     

中国制造业最优环境规制强度的选择——基于绿色全要素生产率的视角

按照污染排放强度,本文将中国28个制造业部门分为重度污染产业、中度污染产业和轻度污染产业三大类,在测算1999—2009年三大产业部门环境规制强度和绿色全要素生产率的基础上,利用面板数据模型对环境规制与绿色全要素生产率的关系进行检验,力图从促进生产率的角度找出不同产业最优环境规制强度的拐点。研究结果表明:重度污染产业当前环境规制强度相对合理,能够促进产业绿色全要素生产率提高、技术创新和效率改进;中度污染产业环境规制强度较弱,环境规制与绿色全要素生产率、技术创新和技术效率的关系呈"U"型,相对于生产率和技术创新而言技术效率可以更早地突破"U"型拐点;轻度污染产业环境规制强度与三者的关系也呈"U"型,相对于生产率和技术效率而言,技术创新能够更早突破"U"型拐点。在制定适当的环境规制强度同时,政府应推进环境规制政策从控制型向激励型转变,诱导企业进行技术创新,实现环境和经济发展的双赢。     

环境约束下地区全要素生产率增长的再估算:1998—2008

本文采用序列Malmquist-Luenberger(SML)指数法估算1998—2008年中国各省环境约束下的TFP增长率。研究发现:考虑环境约束之后,TFP增长对我国经济增长的贡献不足10%,这反映了我国经济粗放增长的现实,技术进步是我国TFP增长的源泉,技术效率呈下降态势;样本区间内TFP增长率呈上升趋势的地区包括北部沿海、东部沿海、长江中游和大西南地区,呈下降趋势的地区包括南部沿海、黄河中游、大西北和东北地区;2005年以来环境约束下的TFP增长率呈明显的上升趋势,表明我国近年出台的环境相关政策对于破解环境问题和转变增长方式产生了积极的效果。回归分析显示,人均收入水平与环境约束下的TFP增长率呈U型关系,经济开放度、工业结构中的大中企业比例对TFP增长有正向影响,能源强度、国有企业比例有负向影响。     

我国生产性服务业增长的效率特征——基于2004～2009年省际面板数据的研究

本文引入人力资本这一投入要素,以2004~2009年全国31个省市的生产性服务业面板数据为研究对象,运用基于DEA的Malmquist指数法,考察各省市生产性服务业的效率。研究表明,在分析期内,我国生产性服务业全要素生产率逐步上升,主要得力于技术进步,而技术效率在有些年份则成小幅下降趋势,生产性服务业未能充分挖掘现有资源和技术的潜力。东中西部各地区生产性服务业的效率差异显著,并与当地经济发展水平不一致。要想使生产性服务业健康持续发展,需要同时兼顾技术进步和技术效率的提高。