外部监督、股权激励与股权代理成本

基于股权代理成本角度,采用2010年中国沪深两市发行A股的非金融类上市公司截面数据,并运用最小二乘法和logistic二元逻辑回归模型,研究了外部监督、股权激励与股权代理成本之间的关系。研究发现,股权代理成本高的公司更加倾向于寻求有效的外部监督,聘请高质量的会计师事务所;股权激励并不能起到完善公司内部治理机制的作用,反而会提高股权代理成本;股权激励会提高公司对外部审计质量的要求。     

Incentives and Transactions Costs Within the Firm: Estimating an Agency Model Using Payroll Records

We estimate an agency model using the payroll records of a copper mine that paid a production bonus to teams of workers. We estimate the cost of incomplete information due to insurance and incentives considerations and the inefficiency caused by the simple form of the incentive contract itself. At the estimated parameters the cost of worker risk aversion (insurance) is of similar magnitude to moral hazard (incentives). Overall, incomplete information accounted for one-half of the bonus system's inefficiency relative to potential full information profits. The other half is attributed to the bonus system's inefficient generation of incentives and insurance relative to the optimal incentive contract.     

创新性契约安排与风险投资机构治理机制探析

风险投资运作包括3个行为主体,即投资人、风险投资家和企业家。由于3个行为主体追求的目标并不完全一致且掌握的信息不同,构成了双重委托代理关系。风险投资家向投资人筹集资本是风险资本循环的起点,因此,风险投资机构的治理机制是决定风险资本运行效率的重要因素。自20世纪70年代以来,西方发达国家尤其是美国的风险投资业,在实践中形成了以有限合伙制及基于该制度创新性的契约安排为核心的治理机制,这对我国的风险投资机构而言,无疑是值得研究和借鉴的。     

Incentives and Standards in Agency Contracts

This paper studies the structure of state‐contingent contracts in the presence of moral hazard and multitasking. Necessary and sufficient conditions for the presence of multitasking to lead to fixed payments instead of incentive schemes are identified. It is shown that the primary determinant of whether multitasking leads to higher or lower powered incentives is the role that noncontractible outputs play in helping the agent deal with the production risk associated with the observable and contractible outputs. When the noncontractible outputs are risk substitutes and are socially undesirable, standards are never optimal. If the noncontractible outputs are socially desirable, standards are never optimal if the noncontractible outputs play a risk‐complementary role.     

股权激励与代理成本

传统以管理费用率作为代理成本的替代不能恰当地反映管理者在职消费和职务侵占的真实水平,本文用经过Jones模型纠正的费用率作为代理成本的替代,考察了所有权性质、总经理持股与否及持股比例对代理成本的影响。本文提供了私有制下总经理适当持股有利于降低代理成本的可靠证据,为中国上市公司即将展开的股权激励计划提供证据的支持。     

Monetary Policy, Agency Costs and Output Dynamics

This paper examines the role of financial market imperfections for output reactions to nominal interest rate shocks. Empirical evidence shows a hump-shaped impulse response function of output and suggests that credit supply co-moves with output. A monetary business cycle model with staggered price setting is presented where the firms' outlays for capital and labor must be covered by the sum of net worth of entrepreneurs and loans in the form of debt contracts. These properties are shown to generate a hump-shaped impulse response of output, which takes on the smooth and persistent appearance of the empirical output response when nominal wages are set in a staggered way, too.     

媒体监督、公司治理与代理成本

文章以2001-2009年沪深两市上市公司为样本,考察了媒体监督、公司治理与代理成本之间的关系。研究发现,媒体监督能够降低企业的代理成本、提高代理效率;在降低代理成本和提高代理效率的具体问题上,媒体监督与公司内部治理机制表现出不同的作用和关系。这意味着要有效降低代理成本、提高代理效率,应当综合考虑中国当前的市场环境,结合企业具体存在的问题,配合使用不同的治理机制。     

代理成本、管理层持股与审计质量

所有权和经营权相分离的现代企业制度导致了股东和管理层之间严重的代理冲突。上市公司降低代理冲突的主要途径是激励与监督,其中,管理层持股和审计分别是内部激励和外部监督的重要方式。会计师事务所的规模和审计费用在一定程度上反映了审计质量。文章基于代理成本的角度,采用2005-2009年中国A股非金融类上市公司非平衡面板数据,运用Logistic二元逻辑回归模型和稳健最小二乘法研究了代理成本、管理层持股与审计质量之间的关系。研究发现:代理成本高的公司会寻求高质量的外部审计,倾向于聘请大规模的会计师事务所;管理层持股能起到完善公司内部治理机制的作用,减少代理冲突,从而降低公司对外部审计质量的需求。     

Occupational Choice and Dynamic Incentives

We study an overlapping generations version of the principal-agent problem, where incentive contracts are determined in general equilibrium. All individuals are workers when young, but have a choice between becoming entrepreneurs or remaining workers when old. Imperfections in the credit market give rise to rents in entrepreneurial activities involving capital. These rents motivate poor young agents to work hard and save to overcome the borrowing constraints. With a labour market that is subject to moral hazard, the increased effort raises social welfare. Policies that reduce credit market imperfections, or redistribute income, may reduce welfare by dampening this effect.     

公司治理、盈余质量与经理人代理成本

高质量的会计信息有助于降低委托人与代理人之间的信息不对称,从而对公司治理产生重要影响。本文以工具变量和面板数据模型等方法考察了盈余质量对股东—经理人代理关系的影响。以应计质量为盈余质量的度量,研究发现,盈余质量高的上市公司经理人代理成本较低,盈余质量改善的上市公司经理人代理成本发生了显著下降。本文的研究结论为会计信息的公司治理效应提供了新的证据。     

Agency Costs in Dynamic Economic Models

We consider an overlapping generations economy where capital is produced from bank loans under stochastic constant returns to scale, and subject to idiosyncratic shocks whose realisations are costly to verify. Our formulation differs from earlier work in permitting investment projects to be infinitely divisible and private agency costs to be convex. If there are external economies to financial intermediation, then deviations from steady-state output are negatively correlated with the spread between loan and deposit rates. Moreover, the capital stock correspondence is set-valued, a result consistent with poverty traps, growth cycles, and hump-shaped impulse response functions.     

Coordination Costs,Market Size,and the Choice of Technology

Impact of coordination costs and market size on a firm's choice of technology is studied in a general equilibrium model in which finns engage in oligopolistic competition. A firm establishes an organizational hierarchy to coordinate its production. First, it is shown that an increase in market size leads a firm to choose a more specialized technology. Second, surprisingly, a robust result is that an increase in the level of coordination efficiency leads a firm to choose a less specialized technology.     

诚信、代理成本与家族企业的经理选择

文章构建了家族企业与职业经理的博弈模型,将法律环境、企业资产的特性、职业经理背叛的一次性收益、集体惩戒机制、经理的耐心和代理关系的不确定性作为影响职业经理诚信的因素纳入模型.这些因素通过影响企业为诱使职业经理守信而必须向其支付的效率工资,进而影响雇用职业经理的代理成本.雇用职业经理带来的企业总收益的增加与其所引起的代理成本一起决定了企业雇用职业经理的临界规模.由此得出文章的核心命题:尽管职业经理的能力与家庭成员相比可能更强,但只有当企业规模大于临界规模时,企业才会选择雇用职业经理.     

Emotional Temperature,Probabilistic Choice and the Optimal Power of Incentives*

From the time of Plato it has been assumed that emotions cloud rational thinking. Fully rational individuals were supposed to be completely free of emotions. Modern psychological research challenged this paradigm. One of the insights of this research is that though emotions indeed interfere with the ability to evaluate the objective consequences of choices, they also allow the decision maker to feel the difference in utility arising from those choices. In this article, I formalise this intuition by introducing the concept of emotional temperature. I show that there exists a positive optimal emotional temperature, which leads to an irreducible probability of suboptimal choice. I apply the model to characterise the optimal contracts under moral hazard, assuming that the emotional temperature of the decision maker increases when the contract provides more powerful incentives. A more general point the article makes is that a mechanism designer needs to be aware that the mechanism will not only affect incentives but also the degree of rationality of the agents.     

Bureaucratic Decision Costs and Endogenous Agency Expertise

This article analyzes the effect of the cost that an agencymust incur to adopt a new regulation (the "enactment cost")on the agency's incentive to invest in expertise. The effectof the enactment cost on agency expertise depends on whetherthe agency would regulate if it fails to acquire additionalinformation about the regulation's effects. If an uninformedagency would regulate, increasing enactment costs increasesagency expertise; if an uninformed agency would retain the statusquo, increasing enactment costs decreases agency expertise.These results may influence the behavior of an uninformed overseer,such as a court or legislature, that can manipulate the agency'senactment costs. Such an overseer must balance its interestin influencing agency policy preferences against its interestin increasing agency expertise. The article discusses the implicationsof these results for various topics in institutional design,including judicial and executive review of agency regulations,structure-and-process theories of congressional oversight, nationalsecurity, criminal procedure, and constitutional law.     

相对落后性与金融制度选择

相对落后性和替代性金融制度安排是亚历山大·格申克龙后发优势理论的重要内容之一.本文详细评述了已有研究文献,重新阐述了后发国家工业化进程中相对落后性、金融资源约束和替代性金融制度选择之间的关系,并以日本主银行体制和韩国的政府-银行-企业集团网络为例,分析了后发国家相对落后性和金融制度选择的必然性,全面阐述了经济全球化条件下中国替代性金融制度的选择空间和金融发展战略.     

Youth Wages, Risk, and Tertiary Finance Arrangements*

Human capital earnings functions typically explain a small fraction of the total variation in earnings. The considerable uncertainty associated with expected future earnings streams enhances the desirability of a loans scheme for higher education possessing income contingent characteristics on the repayment side. The Higher Education Contribution Scheme (HECS) possesses this feature The profitability of higher education even after taking account of the HECS suggests there is scope for higher student contributions. Other possible modifications to the HECS include higher repayment rates, a change to the tax base, and a minimum repayment amount     

公司治理中的代理成本问题研究综述

代理成本是公司治理要解决的基本问题,公司的内部治理结构和外部环境均会对代理成本产生影响。代理成本可以解释不同国家的融资方式和宏观经济表现,应从内、外部两方面来控制代理成本。中国国有企业问题的根本症结在于多重委托代理关系,应简化这种关系,明确权利与责任。进一步研究应考察代理成本在公司层面和宏观层面的外溢效应。