Biased Technical Change and Parallel Neutrality

The Luenberger productivity indicator has many attractive features to evaluate productivity, technical and efficiency changes. Paralleling Färe et al. (1997), this paper shows that the technical change indicator can be expressed as the sum of a magnitude indicator and a bias indicator that is the sum of two bias indicators input and output oriented respectively. Using a recent concept of ``parallel neutrality'' introduced by Briec et al. (2006), some conditions under which each bias indicator makes no contribution to productivity change are established. Among the key contributions of this paper is a new linear programming model involving a graph translation homotheticity property.     

Biased Technical Change and the Aggregate Production Function

This paper offers a classical model of biased technical change in the MarxRicardo tradition as a framework for theoretical and applied studies of growth. The observable data it generates would appear to an unsuspecting economist to be well-described by a neoclassical model with a static Cobb-Douglas production function, when in fact this production function describes only the technological history of the economy. The CobbDouglas form results from the capital-using, labour-saving bias of technical change. The model's trajectory in wage-profit space will lie along the displaced image of the neoclassical factor price frontier, in contradiction to marginal productivity theory. The Solow residual can be reinterpreted by the classical theory as a measure of the size of this displacement.     

Biased Technical Change and the Malmquist Productivity Index

The Malmquist productivity index has many attractive features. One is that it can be epxressed as the product of a technical efficiency change index and a technical change index. In this paper we express the technical change index as the product of a magnitude index and a bias index. We then express the bias index as the product of an output bias index and an input bias index, and we state conditions under which each bias index makes no contribution to productivity change.     

偏向性技术变迁、习惯形成与中国经济周期特征——基于RBC模型的实证分析

本文构建了一个同时引入偏向性技术变迁与中性技术冲击的包含居民消费的习惯形成的随机动态一般均衡模型,并以此模型为基础,对1979-2009年间中国宏观经济进行实证检验。研究表明:模型的预测结果与中国的特征事实较一致;对中国宏观经济的解释力要强于未包含劳动的RBC模型、包含资本劳动的可分劳动RBC模型、引入居民消费的习惯形成的可分劳动RBC模型,说明这一模型更符合中国经济的特征事实;与正的中性技术冲击具有正财富效应相反,正的偏向性技术变迁冲击具有明显的负财富效应特征;我国1979-2007年间推行的降低劳动弹性的偏向性技术变迁工业化发展战略促进了我国居民消费的增加、资本积累与GDP产出的提高,故而认为,这个战略是成功的。     

Output/Endowment and Commodity/Factor Price Relationships and Welfare in a Multilateral Trade Model with Partial Factor Mobility

A multilateral model of trade with both commodity flows and partial mobility of factor flows is set up. This model is used to develop factor endowment/output relationships as well as commodity/factor price relationships. Welfare consequences of these parametric shifts are examined. The model is built on the customs union framework which involves three countries and both commodity and factor flows. Owing to spillover effects in multilateral trade models, many nontraditional results are obtained. Many developed countries accept skilled and unskilled migrants from other countries. These migrants are generally accepted on a quota system. Moreover, it has been established that an increase in the migrant quota in the presence of factor mobility may raise or lower the output and welfare in the country not receiving migrants. In fact it is shown that the non‐migrant receiving country could be immiserized due to loss of capital. The main message of this paper is that in a multilateral trade framework there exist international spillover effects which must be taken into consideration in national policymaking.     

Technical Change in a Model with Fair Wages and Unemployment

This paper uses a variable rate-of-growth model of life-cycle saving as developed by Fry and Mason (1982) to show that demographic factors were behind the rapid rise in saving in Japan, Korea, and Taiwan. The steady decline in the population dependency ratio in an environment of rapid economic growth was the determining factor driving the trend rise in savings in these three countries. Furthermore, demographic trends can also explain the difference in saving ratios in Japan, Korea, and Taiwan. When one compares these countries at the same stage in their development, Koreans did save "little" relative to Japan, but not relative to Taiwan, and this difference in saving can be explained by Korea's higher rate of dependency. [E21, N15]     

要素禀赋、技术差异与中国的对外贸易

要素禀赋理论认为各国要素禀赋的差异导致了国际贸易的产生。中国及其贸易伙伴国的数据表明,仅仅利用要素禀赋的差异并不能完全解释国际贸易的成因。把中国和贸易伙伴国的技术差异纳入要素禀赋理论以后,要素禀赋理论的解释力大大加强。也就是说,要素禀赋和生产技术的差异这两个因素已经很好地解释了中国和8个主要贸易伙伴国之间的贸易的成因。     

外包与要素价格:从特定要素模型角度的分析

本文通过建立两种商品多种投入要素的特定要素小国模型来分析外包对要素价格的影响。如果将土地和熟练劳动视为特定要素,本文发现通过生产率效应和要素供给效应的传导机制,外包有利于特定要素所有者,不利于非熟练劳动,扩大了熟练劳动与非熟练劳动的相对工资,该结论与外包中间品的要素密集度、均衡状态时是否为完全专业化外包和资本的国际流动无关。即使非熟练劳动通过培训可以向熟练劳动升级,但并不一定会缓和本国的相对工资差距。     

制度因素与东亚双边贸易:贸易引力模型的实证分析

银行与金融、政府干预、黑市活动、资本流动与外国投资、货币政策对东亚经济体出口贸易有重要影响,银行与金融、政府干预、产权、政府负担对东亚经济体进口贸易有重要影响。提高政府干预质量,积极合理地引进国际直接投资,建立并完善公正廉洁高效的司法体系应成为东亚经济体各政府未来重要的政策取向。     

贸易自由化、有偏的学习效应与发展中国家的工资差异

本文构建了一个模型来研究贸易自由化对熟练劳动力与非熟练劳动力工资差异的影响,从而解释发展中国家工资差异之谜。在贸易自由化之后,发展中国家接触和学习到相对多的与熟练劳动力匹配的技术知识,因此,和生产与非熟练劳动力匹配的技术知识相比,生产与熟练劳动力匹配的技术知识的生产力水平上升相对较多。也就是说,学习效应是有偏的。因为技术知识的生产是熟练劳动力密集型的,所以学习效应会导致对熟练劳动力需求的增加,扩大工资差异。同时,有偏的学习效应会使技术进步更偏向于技能密集型,从而进一步导致对熟练劳动力需求的增加,扩大工资差异。     

技术进步方式与贸易条件变化研究

在垄断竞争的差异化产品模型假设下,在成本结构中引入技术进步的两种类型即资本节约型技术进步和劳动节约型技术进步。本国劳动节约型的技术进步使得本国同类产品的产出数量增多,贸易条件下降;但资本节约型的技术进步可使本国差异化产品种类增多,贸易条件上升。通过中国工业品行业的资本劳动比和贸易条件变化的关系,初步验证了该理论模型。     

技术贸易壁垒与我国出口贸易

技术贸易壁垒是目前发达国家实行贸易保护的最主要手段之一。技术贸易壁垒对国际贸易发展有消极和积极两个方面的影响。利用世贸规则以防不合理的技术贸易壁垒和提升我国出口商品科技含量显得尤为重要。     

Estimating Income and Price Elasticities of Trade in a Cointegration Framework

This paper presents further evidence on the empirical regularity known as the 45-degree rule. Income and price elasticities of trade are estimated for 21 countries in a cointegration framework. More specifically, the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) modeling approach and the DOLS procedure are adopted to estimate the long-run structure. The empirical results confirm the existence of a systematic relationship between growth rates and income elasticity estimates: faster growing economies have high income elasticities of demand for their exports but lower import elasticities, which implies that faster growth can be observed without any marked secular trend in real exchange rates.     

中国企业单一的低价出口模式急需转变

长期以来，中国企业的跨国经营较多地采用低价出口的方式，并使“made in china”产品在世界各地随处可见。然而，单一出口方式已经或正在面临严峻的挑战。从企业自身微观层面上说，应对的主要策略就是适时转弯跨国经营方式，积极开展对外直接投资。同时，从战略高度，重视技术创新，努力塑造世界名牌，以推进中国企业跨国经营的深入发展。     

Market Structure and Factor Price Equalization

There is a widespread belief that factor price equalization is less likely if some industries are imperfectly competitive and, in particular, that this is so if some industries are under the control of strategy-playing oligopolists. However, it is shown that, if each category of oligopolists is recognized as a primary factor of production, then the dimensionality of the set of endowments compatible with factor price equalization is independent of market structure.
JEL Classification Numbers: D33, D43, F12, L13.     

技术性贸易壁垒——国际贸易的单项二极管

世界上许多国家,为了保护本国的生态环境、消费者权益和其他目的,在贸易中采取了各种各样的技术性措施,禁止或限制其他国家的某些产品进入本国市场。但是,发达国家和发展中国家对于这种政策工具的运用还存在巨大的差异。文章试就技术性贸易壁垒“南北”差异的表现形式及形成的原因进行讨论和研究。     

论国际贸易中的技术标准问题

在今天WTO倡导贸易自由化的国际贸易环境中,技术性贸易壁垒中的技术标准因为具有名义上的合理性以及形式上的隐蔽性,日益成为很多国家尤其是发达国家惯用的贸易保护手段。文章通过相关案例主要分析技术标准在国际贸易中的双重性,从而得出相应的对策去跨越技术性贸易壁垒,并主动建立自己的标准体系。     

Trade and Indeterminacy in a Dynamic General Equilibrium Model

This paper introduces sector-specific externalities in the Heckscher-Ohlin two-country dynamic general equilibrium model to show that indeterminacy of the equilibrium path in the world market can occur. Under certain conditions in terms of factor intensities, there are multiple equilibrium paths from the same initial distribution of capital in the world market, and the distribution of capital in the limit differs among equilibrium paths. One equilibrium path converges to a long-run equilibrium in which the international ranking of factor endowment ratios differs from the initial ranking; another equilibrium path maintains the initial ranking and converges to another long-run equilibrium. Since the path realized is indeterminate, so is the long-run trade pattern. Therefore, the Long-Run Heckscher-Ohlin prediction is vulnerable to the introduction of externality. Journal of Economic Literature Classification Numbers: E13, E32, F11, F43.     

中国高技能-低技能劳动的技术进步偏向性及其估算

利用世界投入产出数据库(WIOD)中的中国分行业高、低技能劳动数据,推算了1995—2009年中国高、低技能劳动力的劳动投入和劳动报酬,并基于该数据测算了中国省域层面的高技能-低技能劳动技术进步偏向性。结果表明:中国所有省区的技术进步在大多数年份是偏向于高技能劳动的。     

逆向外包与技能偏向性技术进步

经济新常态和新工业革命背景下,中国经济迫切需要通过技术创新,尤其是技能偏向性技术进步的创新来实现经济增长方式的转变和产业结构的升级。文章根据后金融危机时期中国企业加快海外并购等典型事实,基于李嘉图框架构建了包含逆向外包的一般均衡模型,从理论上论证了逆向外包作为一种后发国家集聚全球创新资源的新方式,能够弥补后发国家高技能劳动力的不足,诱导企业采用更加偏向技能劳动力的生产技术,进而对后发国家的技能偏向性技术进步产生促进作用。利用制造业16个细分行业2003－2011年样本数据的实证检验表明,本土制造业企业主导的逆向外包显著促进了制造业的技能偏向性技术进步,FD I和人力资本供给的增加加速了技能偏向性技术进步的形成和发展。文章的研究不仅丰富了现有的关于技能偏向性技术进步和逆向外包的全球化理论,对中国制造创新方式的转变和经济结构的调整也具有重要的启示。